Chromatography counter-current chromatograph

Ikehata, J. Shinomiya, K. Kobayashi, K. Ohshima, H. Kitanaka, S. Ito, Y. Effect of Coriolis force on counter-current chromatographic separation by centrifugal partition chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 2004,1025, 169-175. 

Shibusawa, Y. Ito, Y. Protein separation with aqueous-aqueous polymer systems by two types of counter-current chromatographs. J. Chromatogr. 1991, 550, 695. Shibusawa, Y. Ito, Y. Countercurrent chromatography of proteins with polyethylene glycol-dextran polymer phase systems using type-XLLL cross-axis coil planet centrifuge. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1992,15, 2787. 

Counter-current chromatography using two immiscible liquid phases rather than a conventional solid phase ligand support allows chromatographic quality separations to be... 

When the separation procedures described in detail above are unsatisfactory for the separation of a mixture of organic compounds, purely physical methods may be employed. Thus a mixture of volatile liquids may be fractionally distilled (compare Section 2.26) or a mixture of non-volatile solids may frequently be separated by making use of the differences in solubilities in inert solvents. The progress of such separations may be monitored by application of the various chromatographic techniques detailed in Section 2.31, or indeed these techniques may be employed on the preparative scale for effecting the separation itself (e.g. flash chromatography, p. 217). The techniques of counter current distribution, fractional crystallisation or fractional sublimation (Section 2.21) may also be employed where appropriate. 

B. N. Mandava and Y. Ito, Principles and instrumentation of counter current chromatography, in Counter Current Chromatography. Theory and Practice (B. N. Mandava and Y. Ito, eds.). Chromatographic Science Series Vol. 44 Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1988, pp. 79-442. 

Maryutina, T. A., Fedotov, P. S., and Spivakov, B. Ya. (1999). Application of counter-current chromatography in inorganic analysis. In Countercurrent Chromatography, ed. Menet, J.-M., Thiebaut, D., Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 82, Marcel Dekker, New York, 82, 171-221. 

Most of the development work on preparative liquid chromatography has been restricted to batch chromatography and batch systems and only comparatively recently has it been extended to continuous chromatography. For separations at pressures up to 30 bar a counter-current machine is commercially available. A schematic diagram of such a chromatograph, the so-called sequential separator... 

In general, a counter-current operation can achieve a more efficient separation than the cross-current operation considered above. In chromatography this is realized by the SMB technology. Chromatographic counter-current operation requires the mobile and stationary phases to move in opposite directions. Figure 5.14 illustrates the more or less hypothetical concept of an ideal counter-current system, denoted as true moving bed (TMB). This concept utilizes an actual circulation of the solid phase vfith a constant flow rate. 

Berthod, A. Talabardon, K. Operating parameters and partition coefficient determination. In Counter Current Chromatography, Chromatographic Science Series Menet, J.M., Thiebaut, D., Eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1999 121-148. 

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