Cotton and Linen

Fabrics of cottorr or linen, when impregnated with phenolic resin, are used in several grades of laminates. They have good impact strength and abrasion resistance, and they machine well. Laminates with these fabrics have better water resistance than paper-based laminates. These laminates are used for gears and pulleys. 

Maleic anhydride or fumaric acid provides the source of unsaturation for almost all of the polyester resins currently produced with maleic anhydride being the most common. 

Isophthalic Bisphenol A fumarate Hydrogenated bisphenol A Halogenated polyester Terephthalate (PET) 

The strength of a laminate is primarily determined by the type and amount of reinforcing used. The specific polyester resin will determine operating temperatures and corrosion resistance. 

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Hippopotamus Hides.—About on hundred of these skins are annually imported from the South of Afrioa, and are tanned with oak. Tho hide, originally of groat thickness, assumes the appearance of boards after being tanned. The only use which appears to he made of them, ore implements used for beetling in washing and bleaching cotton. and linen goods. 

CHLORINE HAS GREAT USE IN BLEACHING COTTON AND LINEN AND WOOD PULP. YET IT IS NOT THE CHLORINE THAT PER-FORMS THE BLEACHING. 

Both the square planar bis(acetylacetonato)manganese(II) and the octahedral tris(acetyl-acetonato)manganese(III) have been shown to possess marked fungicidal activity in the protection of cotton and linen.49 Recently, the complex of manganese(II) with 4-(5 -phenyl-l, 3, 4 -oxadiazol-2 -yl)thiosemicarbazide (14) has also been shown to exhibit fungicidal properties.50 The structure of this bis-complex also appears to be unknown at present. 

Bis(acetylacetonato)cobalt(II) and tris(acetylacetonato)cobalt(III) have both been found to possess fungicidal activity on treated cotton and linen fabrics.49 Both complexes have octahedral coordination about the metal, the cobalt(II) complex achieving this by forming a linear tetranuclear species (18). The latter complex is the somewhat more effective fungicide. 

Abrasion Resistance. Both new cotton fabric and four naturally aged cotton and linen fabrics were subjected to flexing and abrasion after treatment with deacidifying agents (Wei T o 2, 12 spray and magnesium bicarbonate). The average number of cycles to rupture 20 specimens is shown in Table VII. The number of cycles to rupture fabrics 3, 8 and 10 was very small but this was not unexpected because the fabrics were made of very fine yarns. One fact apparent from the flex abrasion results... 

Figure 7.2 Textiles recovered from a mass grave at Kasr-el-yahud in the Jordan valley. This was the result of an act of intercommunal violence in 614 AD. The bodies were skeletonized with surviving cotton and linen clothing. (Photo R. C. Janaway.) (See color insert following p. 178.)...

Like cotton, there are many different linen fabrics made from the basic flax fiber. Most of these are defined only by the type of weave and the fineness of the fiber, such as cambric and damask. The word linen is usually applied only to unbleached plain weave material. Some names are applied to similar fabrics made of cotton and linen. An example of this is canvas, a plainly woven fabric of varying weight made from hard-twisted yam. Canvas may be made from hemp, cotton, jute, or flax (linen). Most fine fabrics, particularly of European or American manufacture, are made from flax. Since its invention in the 1600s, most lace has also been made of flax thread. 

In addition to wool, other hygroscopic textile materials such as cotton and linen underwent a threefold increase in their specific heat at constant vapor pressure. The relatively high specific heats derived from equations in the study, which are considered to represent those incurred in actual use of the hygroscopic textiles, explain the well-known buffering action of these fabrics toward sudden changes in indoor or outdoor temperatures (2l). A compilation of the specific heat of a variety of textile fibers at 20-200°C indicates that considerable variation in the values of this thermophysical property occurs with different fibers (e.g., a value of 0.157 for glass and 0.1 9 cal/g.°C for Nylon 66 are reported), and that additional research is needed to establish the extent to which specific heat affects the characteristics of thermal transmission in textiles (22). 

Almost every aspect of human life involves carbohydrates in one form or another. Like other animals, we use the energy content of carbohydrates in our food to produce and store energy in our cells. Clothing is made from cotton and linen, two forms of cellulose. Other fabrics are made by manipulating cellulose to convert it to the semisynthetic fibers rayon and cellulose acetate. In the form of wood, we use cellulose to construct our houses and as a fuel to heat them. Even this page is made from cellulose fibers. 

The constitution and molecular weight of native cellulose in cotton or linen and in wood are essentially identical. Cotton and linen have a higher degree of crystallinity (lower accessibility) than isolated wood... 

Raw materials for the pulp and paper industry can be classified as fibrous and non-fibrous. Wood accounts for over 95 percent of the fibrous raw material (other than waste paper) in the United States. Cotton and linen rags, cotton linters, cereal straws, esparto, hemp, jute, flax, bagasse, and bamboo also are used and in some countries are the major source of papermaking fiber. 

Most natural fibers, such as cotton and linen, have a yellowish look when they are first manufactured because of the presence of natural impurities. They must be bleached to pure white before they can be dyed, printed, or sold as white fabrics. The commercial process of bleaching these fabrics is very similar to the process you used in this experiment. 

It has been reported that crystallinity and accessibility to moisture do not change after enzymatic hydrolysis. Techniques employing light microscopy and staining of fibers with Congo Red can be used to determine the location of enzymatic attack for cotton and linen. 

The degree of sensitivity that the textile fibers showed (both to the accelerated aging and to the different washing treatments) demonstrated that cellulose from cotton and linen textiles can be expected to be as susceptible to degradative processes as are the more extensively studied rag fiber papers. Therefore, much of the literature concerning treatments carried out on paper substrates should be applicable to textile conservation. However, it is still important to exercise caution in applying results from wood pulp papers to textile artifacts. 

KAURIT KFN is recommended for the anticrease and antishrink finishing of rayon, cotton and linen fabrics and blends of these fibres with one another or with wool or synthetics. It also produces good results in the embossed, chintz, Schreiner and plisse finishing of cotton and spun rayon fabrics and in the fixation of filling agents. 

Silk and wool are protein fibers, consisting of long polypeptide chains (see Chap, 30). Cotton and linen are polysaccharides (carbo-fiydrates), with composition (C jH, )-).,. These fibers consist of long... 

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