Cost of Hydrogen

Fluorspar Supply. Production costs of hydrogen fluoride are heavily dependent on raw materials, particularly fluorspar, and significant changes have occurred in this area. Identified world fluorspar resources amount to approximately 400 x 10 metric tons of fluorspar (40). Of these 400 X 10 t, however, only 243 x 10 t are considered reserves and an additional 93 x 10 t is considered reserve base, ie, recoverable at higher market... 

Use of a low temperature shift converter in a PSA hydrogen plant is not needed it does, however, reduce the feed and fuel requirements for the same amount of hydrogen production. For large plants, the inclusion of a low temperature shift converter should be considered, as it increases the thermal efficiency by approximately 1% and reduces the unit cost of hydrogen production by approximately 0.70/1000 (20/1000 ft ) (140,141). 

The process involving aHyl alcohol has not been iadustriaHy adopted because of the high production cost of this alcohol However, if the aHyl alcohol production cost can be markedly reduced, and also if the evaluated cost of hydrogen chloride, which is obtained as a by-product from the substitutive chlorination reaction, is cheap, then this process would have commercial potential. The high temperature propylene—chlorination process was started by SheH Chemical Corporation ia 1945 as an iadustrial process (1). The reaction conditions are a temperature of 500°C, residence time 2—3 s, pressure 1.5 MPa (218 psi), and an excess of propylene to chlorine. The yield of aHyl chloride is 75—80% and the main by-product is dichloropropane, which is obtained as a result of addition of chlorine. Other by-products iaclude monochioropropenes, dichloropropenes, 1,5-hexadiene. At low temperatures, the amount of... 

Estimated Cost of Hydrogen Production Transportation and Distribution... 

Spath, P. L. Lane, J. M. Mann, M. K. Amos, W. A., Update of Hydrogen from Biomass— Determination of the Delivered Cost of Hydrogen. NREL, Milestone Report for the U.S. Department of Energy s Hydrogen Program Process Task, Milestone Type C (Control), Golden, CO, 2001. 

Hydrogenated polymers have many desirable properties over their parent polymers, although the high cost of hydrogenated products still restricts their widespread application. The following aspects should be considered for the sustainable development of the hydrogenated polymer industry ... 

The development of highly efficient and easily recoverable catalyst systems. Today, the high cost of hydrogenated polymers is due mainly to the cost of the metal catalyst and its recovery operation. 

The delivered cost of hydrogen from natural gas would need to become competitive with the delivered cost of gasoline. The infrastructure costs must be managed over time with total estimates reaching a trillion dollars or more. 

This advanced coal-based, near-zero emission plant is planned to produce electricity that is only 10% more costly than current coal-generated electricity while providing hydrogen that can compete with gasoline. The cost of hydrogen delivery is not included in this goal. 

However, biomass plants appear earlier than coal and more biomass plants are built, because they are smaller and can become central supplies at smaller market penetration. It is important to note that the delivered cost of hydrogen from coal, biomass and natural gas central plants are typically quite close (within 0.5/kg). Thus, the choice of a feedstock may be determined by other factors, such as state policies favouring renewables and the availability of carbon-sequestration sites. 

Comparing the real costs of hydrogen and CAES storage paths on the basis of re-electrification with gas turbines (Fig. 16.7) on a basis of 2000 operating hours, the... 

Long-distance transport costs play a relevant role when evaluating corridors compared with feedstock and production costs, the transport costs of hydrogen from neighbouring countries may lead to cost increases of 17 to 65%. 

Figure 17.8. Comparing the costs of hydrogen production and long-distance transportation from selected neighbouring countries to the EU25 with EU hydrogen production from domestic sources with a time perspective of 2040.

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