Production costs for

PET is based on petroleum and the price of polyester fiber fluctuates with the price of -xylene and ethylene raw materials as well as with the energy costs for production. With the abiUty to interchange with other fibers, especially cotton iu cotton blends, the price of polyester is affected by the price and avadabihty of cotton as well as the supply and demand of polyester. 

The location of a silicon metal plant is determined by balancing market costs against processing ones. Principal elements in the cost of silicon production, which ate site-dependent, are the deUvered cost of the raw materials, energy cost, and labor. Typical costs for production of silicon are given in Table 1. 

Eroduc tion rate is lower than normal, the rate of return on capital will e lower than projected because of the increase in unit cost. For production rates both higher and lower than the normal produc tion rate, the percentage markup is based on the normal unit cost. Thus the method is strictly vahd only for the normal production rate. 

Micro-scaling or bottom up approach to quality costs, where it is possible to calculate the cost of losses involved in manufacture and due to returns and/or claims. This method requires a great deal of experience and relies on the availability of detailed cost data throughout a product s life-cycle. While this is a crucial activity for a business, it is also not a practical approach for estimating the quality cost for product in the early stages of product development. 

Example - determining the failure costs for product design... 

This baseline should include the incremental cost for production created by catastrophic machine failures and other parameters. If they are available or can be obtained, they will help greatly in establishing a valid baseline. 

An existing fermentation unit has been made available for use (it would be the same for both organisms). Thus there are the following fixed costs for production of either organism. 

Point D is known as the break-even point and the time to reach the break-even point is called the pay-back time. In a different context, the term break-even point is used for the percentage of plant capacity at which the income equals the cost for production. 

Table V. Estimated Costs for Production of 2,000,000 Gallons per Day of Fresh Water (500 P.P.M. as NaCh from Three Brackish Waters by Ionics Marie III Equipment...

Raw material costs for production of antisense oligonucleotide drug substances have been reduced more than 97% since 1991 through process optimization, scale-up economies, and reduced raw material costs,1,60 while the manufacturing and control associated labor costs have fallen even more precipitously. Key changes have converted the process from use of costly... 

In a system with non-catalytic alcoholysis reaction, the purification process to remove catalyst after reaction is not required. Therefore, the configuration of the total system can be simplified and the by-product, glycerol, can be directly utilized in other industries, reducing the total cost for production of the BDF. 

High effect level at low cost for products and application... 

Co = is the known capital cost for production capacity Qg, given in the same units as C, and... 

Table 9.14 Index of Hourly Compensation Costs for Production Workers in Manufacturing 1974-1994 (United States = 100)...

Of course there are many factors which influence the competitiveness between enzymatic processes and chemical processes, for example, costs of substrates, costs for production/isolation of enzymes, possible space-time yields and costs for... 

The percentage markup on cost is calculated for a known capital-turnover ratio and a desired rate of return on capital. As with absorption pricing, the percentage markup on manufacturing cost per unit of production is calculated for a normal annual production rate. If this production rate is exceeded, the rate of return on capital will be higher than projected because of the decrease in unit cost. Conversely, if the production rate is lower than normal, the rate of return on capital will be lower than projected because of the increase in unit cost. For production rates both higher and lower than the normal production rate, the percentage markup is based on the normal unit cost. Thus the method is strictly valid only for the normal production rate. 

Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) is a manufacturing system with a high degree of flexibility. It was developed due to the need to increase productivity, improve product quality, and reduce cost for product production under the constraints of various uncertainties or disturbances both internal and external to the manufacturing system. 

TABLE 8 Activities and Costs for Production Planning and Control for the Year Ended December 31, 1999... 

An agitated cooler is more expensive to operate than a simple tank crystallizer, but it has a much higher productivity. Labour costs for product handling may still be rather high. The design of tank crystallizers varies from shallow pans to large cylindrical tanks. 

High investment costs for production facilities and energy demand for harvesting biomass of low concentration... 

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