Cost Sensitivity

Illustrative Example of Defining a Custom Overnight Target Capital Cost 

Step 1 Reset the model with the Rewind icon Step 2 Click in the number box labeled Overnight Target Capital Cost and change the value to 1800 S/kW-Hj. 

H2Sim now stops at 1800 /kW-H2 as the model always stops at the highest specified capital cost of any technology. Based on this increased capital cost, hydrogen production costs, via natural gas reformation, increase from 0.74 /kg to 2.17 /kg. 

The capital cost sensitivity analysis can not be done with Elsevier Edition 2.2 of HjSim. A full version of HjSim is required. 

The production sensitivity and capital cost sensitivity for electrolysis allow the user to alter the source of the electricity. The default electricity option assumes electricity is produced using gas combined cycle technology (GasCC). The user may also directly set a price (User Set option). The electricity costs are calculated at the plant gate and do not include transmission and distribution (T D) costs. T D costs may be added by the user (Electricity Transmission and Distribution box). 

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Other advantages claimed for the disc graniilator include low equipment cost, sensitivity to operating controls, and easy observation of the granulation/classification action, all of which lend versatility in agglomerating many different materials. Dusty materials and Chernies reactions such as the ammoniation of fertilizer are handled less readily in the disc granulator than in the drum. 

Blow-cool silicon is a conunon expression used for this general type of approach to the problem. But as device generations progress, it is less clear that such an approach will be successful in producing sufficiently low void densities to produce acceptably profitable yields. Epiteudal silicon provides an alternative but is problematic in certain cost sensitive applications, particularly DRAMs. 

Freeze-drying is a relatively expensive drying operation. Although this is not an issue for many high-cost drug products, it can be an issue for more cost-sensitive products. 

One can readily see the intense volume and PMN cost sensitivity over and above this company s own decision criteria of a 10 improvement over existing products before consideration for marketing. Thus, the hurdle level created by PMN costs can be far greater than a company s original decision criterion and the chances for small volume substances being brought forward are reduced. Obviously, with longer product life the effect would be less dramatic but no less real. 

Cost sensitivity studies have shown that the successful commercialization of cellulase-based processes, such as the conversion of cellulose to fermentable sugars, is highly dependent on the cost of enzyme production (i). Because fungal -D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is the most labile enzyme in this system under process conditions (2), and k to efficient saccharification of cellulose, this enzyme was targeted for application of stabilization technology, both through chemical modification and immobilization to solid supports. 

This application is very cost-sensitive because of the subsidy structure of the agricultural sector of the EU. The regulations for waste disposal of mulch film require either recycling or adequate treatment (e.g., incineration). If thin mulch films are concerned, the recovery of the film in the field is crop-dependent and difficult. Cleaning of the soil residues is cost-intensive. In this case, it can be more cost-effective to use biodegradable mulch film, which is adapted to the climate and the fruit application. 

This chapter attempts to explain some of the economic and commercial inflnences that affect the development of biocatalysts into snccessful mannfacturing processes and products. In this respect, biocatalysts are not special, and are subject to just the same effects as any other developing technology. In this chapter, 1 attempt to discuss many of these important influences, such as process costing, sensitivity analysis and product profitability appraisal. 1 would especially like to emphasise the following points ... 

One major drawback of the current methods is the low atom economy45 of solid-supported chemistry with conventional resins in comparison to solution-phase synthesis. The low loadings are one important reason for excluding solid-supported methods from many resource-and cost-sensitive applications such as scale-up projects. Furthermore, polystyrene-based resins are restricted by solvent compatibility, thermal and chemical stability, and extensive adsorption of reagents. 

A biosensor based on carbon paste modified with zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) tissue is reliable, simple and quick to prepare, of low cost, sensitive, precise and accurate. These characteristics make this biosensor attractive for the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical products. 

The first large-scale commercial application of cross-linked enzyme crystals was the use of glucose isomerase CLCs to produce high-fructose com syrup. While this is not a pharmaceutical or a biotechnological application, it is included here because it serves to demonstrate the economic viability of the technology in a very cost-sensitive business. In this application the CLCs were attached to the surface of a polystyrene-cellulose-titanium oxide composite carrier in a ratio of 9 1 carrier enzyme. The catalyst had a half-life of 150 days at 57°C, and 12-18 tons of dry sugar product could be produced per kilogram of enzyme [37],... 

Total market potential (GW) 30-40 70-100 80 (cost sensitive, excludes seasonal shifting)... 

Coating and membrane costs sensitivities have been studied (Figure 3) in cases of coating thickness or cost doubling (resp. membrane cost doubling). As a result, the installed electrolysers cost increases up to 20% (resp. 24%). 

It must be determined whether the risk mitigation options selected are feasible and provide a realistic use pattern, and whether compliance can be enforced. Another significant consideration is that options are cost-sensitive and are unlikely to be accepted if their cost exceeds the economic valne of the commodity on which the pesticide is to be used. 

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