Coryell

The isolation and identification of 4 radioactive elements in minute amounts took place at the turn of the century, and in each case the insight provided by the periodic classification into the predicted chemical properties of these elements proved invaluable. Marie Curie identified polonium in 1898 and, later in the same year working with Pierre Curie, isolated radium. Actinium followed in 1899 (A. Debierne) and the heaviest noble gas, radon, in 1900 (F. E. Dorn). Details will be found in later chapters which also recount the discoveries made in the present century of protactinium (O. Hahn and Lise Meitner, 1917), hafnium (D. Coster and G. von Hevesey, 1923), rhenium (W. Noddack, Ida Tacke and O. Berg, 1925), technetium (C. Perrier and E. Segre, 1937), francium (Marguerite Percy, 1939) and promethium (J. A. Marinsky, L. E. Glendenin and C. D. Coryell, 1945). 

Photo 8 Linus Pauling with Charles D. Coryell (left), who collaborated in the study of the magnetic properties of hemoglobin (SP 83, SP 84). Picture taken about 1933. 

Promethium (Pm, [Xe]4/56s2), name and symbol after Prometheus who, in Greek mythology, stole fire from the gods. Discovered (1945) by J.A. Marinsky, L. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell by use of ion-exchange chromatography on residues in a nuclear reactor. 

Promethium Pm 1946 (Oak Ridge, Tennessee) Jacob Marinsky, Lawrence Glendenin, and Charles Coryell (all American) 285... 

American scientists Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin, and Charles D. Coryell... 

The family study approach, particularly when employed with systematic community-based samples, is one of the most powerful strategies to minimize heterogeneity, since etiologic factors for the development of a particular disorder can be assumed to be relatively homotypic within famihes. There is a dearth of studies that have employed within-family designs to examine either phenotypic expression or some of the putative biologic factors underlying the major anxiety disorders. For example,both Perna et al. (1996,1995) and Coryell... 

Coryell W (1997) Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease-specific trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 41 259-263... 

Coplan JD, Trost R, Owens MJ (1998b) Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of somatostatin and biogenic amines in grown primates reared by mothers exposed to manipulated foraging conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 473-477 Coryell W (1997) Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease-specific trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 41 259-263... 

Among both children and adults, panic attacks are associated with a set of respiratory abnormalities (Klein, 1993 Pine et ah, 2000). These abnormalities are found not only in panic disorder but also in a range of other conditions, such as separation anxiety disorder and isolated panic attacks, which show strong familial associations with panic disorder. It has been suggested that parents with panic disorder transmit a diathesis for certain forms of anxiety that is apparent in the respiratory system (Pine, 1999), may remain latent (Coryell, 1997), or may vary across development, manifested as separation distress during childhood or as panic attacks after puberty (Klein, 1993 Pine et ah, 2000). 

Ventilatory abnormalities have been identified in first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder (Perna et ah, 1995 Coryell, 1997), as well as in patients with possible precursors for panic disorders, such as separation anxiety disorder (Pine et ah, 2000) or isolated panic attacks (Perna et ah, 1995). Additionally, studies have found family loading for panic disorder in the relatives of panic patients with respiratory abnormalities (Perna et al., 1996), suggesting that hypersensitivity to CO2 inhalation may be a trait marker for panic disorder rather than a state marker. These data suggest that parents with panic disorder may transmit a diathesis for certain forms of anxiety (e.g., separation anxiety disorder) that is observable in the respiratory... 

Aft er many false reports of its occurrence in nature, promethium was finally identified in 1947 in fission productsby Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin, and Charles D. Coryell. It was named after the Greek mythological character Prometheus who stole fire from the heavens. No stable isotopes of Pm exist, its longest lived isotope being Pm-145 (half life 17.7 years), but... 

Duration of illness. In his classic study, R. F. Hobson (1953] indicated that a shorter duration of the index episode of depression (1-year cutoff) was a predictor of good ECT response. This finding was subsequently confirmed by several other groups (Coryell and Zimmerman 1984 C. G. Dunn and Quinlan 1978 Fraser and Glass 1980 M. Hamilton and White 1960 Kindler et al. 1991], although some studies found no relations or weaker relations between duration of index episode and clinical outcome (Andrade et al. 1988 Mendels 1967 Sackeim et al. 1987a]. If anything, then, a shorter index episode of depression may be associated with an increased likelihood of favorable ECT response. 

Patient age. An association between increased age and favorable response to ECT has been reported by many investigators (Carney et al. 1965 Coryell and Zimmerman 1984 Mendels 1967 Nystrom 1964 J. M. Roberts 1959 Sackeim et al. 1987b]. In contrast, Ottosson (I960] and C. L. Rich et al. (1984] found increasing age to be associated with a slower rate of ECT re-... 

Many studies have reported the association between the presence of comorbid psychiatric conditions and TRD (Akiskal et al. 1982 D. W. Black et al. 1988a Coryell et al. 1988 Fawcett and Kravitz 1988 Pfohl et al. 1984). It is often unclear clinically which came first. Nevertheless, the implications for treatment are to address both conditions simultaneously, regardless of the linkage, to avoid consolidating a TRD condition. 

Comorbid anxiety and depressive features are common in clinical practice, and DSM-IV has included mixed anxiety-depression in its appendix of conditions needing nosological refinement. The presence of comorbid anxiety has prognostic implications. For example, prospective studies of patients with depression have found that the co-occurrence of panic attacks was correlated with a poor outcome (Coryell et al. 1988 van Valkenburg et al. 1984). Some evidence suggests that such patients do better with MAOls. Likewise, patients with depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder may be more resistant to treatment, even with SSRls (Hollander et al. 1991)... 

Substantial evidence supports the theory that psychotic depression represents a distinct type of major depression (Schatzberg and Rothschild 1992). Statistically significant differences between psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression have been noted along many axes, including presenting features (Coryell et al. 1984 Frances et al. 1981 Classman and Roose 1981 Lykouras et al. 1986 J. C. Nelson and Bowers 1978), biology (Carroll et al. 1976a Coryell et al. 1982 Rihmer et al. 1984 Rudorfer et al. 1982), familial transmission (Leckman et al. 1984 W. H. Nelson et al. 1984), course of illness (D. G. Robinson and Spiker 1985), and response to treatment (Chan et al. 1987 Classman and Roose 1981 Kantor and Classman 1977 J. C. Nelson and Bowers 1978 Rothschild 1985). 

Many centers have reported specific abnormalities on measures of hypo-thalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in patients with psychotic depression. Patients with psychotic major depression (PMD) are among those with the highest rates of nonsuppression on the dexamethasone suppression test, and many of them have markedly elevated posttest levels (Carroll et al. 1976c, 1980 Coryell et al. 1982). Significant differences have been observed in 24-hour measures of urinary free cortisol between patients with psychotic and those with nonpsychotic major depression (NPMD) (R. F. Anton 1987). 

The study of antidepressant maintenance medications for patients with unipolar MDD has been historically neglected. Such neglect is puzzling. Considering that multiple recurrences may well be the sine qua non for unmedicated patients with manic depression [Coryell and Winokur 1982 NIMH/ NIH Consensus Development Panel 1985 Prien et al. 1984 Suppes et al. 1991 Zis and Goodwin 1979 Zis et al. 1980] and that unipolar illness is pathophysiologically similar to bipolar disorder in many important respects, recurrences could have been presumed to be innate. 

Corwin J, Peselow E, Eieve R, et al Memory in untreated depression severity and task requirement effects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 1987 Coryell W, Winokur G Course and outcome, in Handbook of Affective Disorders. 

Edited by Paykel ES. New York, Guilford, 1982, pp 93-108 Coryell W, Zimmerman M Outcome following ECT for primary unipolar depression a test of newly proposed response predictors. Am J Psychiatry 141 862-867, 1984... 

Coryell W, Gaffney G, Burkhardt PE The dexamethasone suppression test and familial subtypes of depression a naturalistic replication. Biol Psychiatry 17 33-40, 1982... 

Coryell W, Pfohl B, Zimmerman M The clinical and neuroendocrine features of psychotic depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 172 521-528, 1984 Coryell W, Endicott J, Andreasen NC, et al Depression and panic attacks the significance of overlap as reflected in follow up and family study data. Am J Psychiatry 145 293-300, 1988... 

Charles D. Coryell, 1912-. Professoi of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Consultant to the Brookhaven and Oak Ridge National Laboratories of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. The studies of J. A. Marinsky and L. E. Glendenin in his group led to the chemical identification of the missing element 61, which in 1949 was officially named promethium. Dr. Coryell participates actively in the scientific efforts of the Federation of American Scientists and of the United World Federalists toward peace and world stability. 

The final answer came from the atomic pile. J. A. Marinsky, L. E. Glendenin, and C. D. Coryell at the Clinton Laboratories at Oak Ridge (20) obtained a mixture of fission products of uranium which contained isotopes of yttrium and the entire group of rare earths from lanthanum through europium. Using a method of ion-exchange on Amberlite resin worked out by E. R. Tompkins, J. X. Khym, and W. E. Cohn (21) they were able to obtain a mixture of praseodymium, neodymium, and element 61, and to separate the latter by fractional elution from the Amberlite column with 5 per cent ammonium citrate at pH 2.75. Neutron irradiation of neodymium also produced 61. 

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