Corrosion economic effects

Payer,. H. et al.. Economic Effects of Corrosion in the USA, NBS Special Publication 511-1, 511-2, National Bureau of Standards, Washington (1978)... 

NBS Special Publication 511-1. Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the United States. A Report to Congress by the National Bureau of Standards. SD Stock No. SN-003-01926-7, 1978 NBS Special Publication 511-2. Economic Effect of Metallic Corrosion in the United States. Appendix B. A report to NBS by Battelle Columbus Laboratories. SD Stock No. SN-003-01927-5, 1978. 

L.H. Bennett, J. Kruger, R.I. Parker, E. Passaglia, C. Reimann, A.W. Ruff, H. Yakowitz and E.B. Berman, Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the United States - A Three Part Study for... 

Battelle Columbus Laboratories and the National Institute of Standards and Technology Economic, Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the United States, 1978 and 1995. 

It is the intent of this paper to review some of the methodology and results of the NBS-BCL studies, and their relevance to the economic effects of acid rain. Since the effect of acid rain on materials would appear to be a form of corrosion (although affecting all materials, not only metals), the NBS corrosion study (1,2) will be the principal one discussed. 

It can be asked at this point what these results have to do with the economic effects of acid rain on materials. First, the baseline or world from which the acid-rain accounting is made is examined. In parallel with definitions used in the corrosion study, this is clearly a world in which man-made acid rain does not exist. However, unlike the case in the corrosion study, where a corrosion-free world can be imagined but cannot be realized... 

LCID RAIN IS AN IMPORTANT AND GROWING TOPIC. This book addresses the important materials problems resulting from acid deposition. It is divided into five sections Measurement and Monitoring of Atmospheric Deposition, Metallic Corrosion, Masonry Deterioration, Degradation of Organics, and Economic Effects. 

Assessment of the economic effect of proposed means to reduce corrosion costs. 

In 1992, Kuwait conducted an economic assessment of the total cost of corrosion to its economy using a modified version of the Battelle-NBS lO model. The resulting report containing the assessment can be found in Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the State of Kuwait authored by F. Al-Kharafi, A. Al-Hashem, and F. Martrouk, Final Report no. 4761, KSIR Publications, December 1995. 

Economic effects of metallic corrosion in the United States, NBS Special Puhlication 511-1, SD stock no. SN-003-003-01926-7,1978. 

F Al-Kharafi, A Al-Hashem, F Martrouk, Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the State of Kuwait, KISR Publications, Report no. 4761, Dec 1995. 

The protective systems and their corresponding corrosion data are available in the relevant overseas codes for reference. These data are not applicable in Indian specific context as atmospheric corrosion is location specific. Atmospheric corrosion is the frontier research area where limited work has been carried out as it comprises with three phases (solid/atmospheric/liquid environment). Therefore it is significant to study the rust on MS and WS as well as coated steels in a given atmospheric environments. This is important for the selection of more suitable materials as well as for the safety of structures, including the realisation of essential economic effect. 

Schliebaum, R. (1978). (Calculations of the economic effectiveness of corrosion protection systems) Wirtschqfilichkeit des Korrosionsschutzes. Ed. Lack und Oiem-ie, Elvira Moeller, Filderstadt, Germany. (English text prepared by ZDA, London). 

The Economic Effects of Corrosion and Wear. The progressive deterioration, due to corrosion and wear, of metallic surfaces in use in major industrial plants ultimately leads to loss of plant efficiency and at worst a shutdown. Corrosion and wear damage to materials, both directly and indirectly, costs the United States hundreds of billions of dollars annually. For example, corrosion of metals costs the U.S. economy almost 300 billion per year at current prices. This amounts to about 4.2% of the gross national product... 

High Water Velocities. The abiUty of high water velocities to minimize fouling depends on the nature of the foulant. Clay and silt deposits are more effectively removed by high water velocities than aluminum and iron deposits, which are more tacky and form interlocking networks with other precipitates. Operation at high water velocities is not always a viable solution to clay and silt deposition because of design limitations, economic considerations, and the potential for erosion corrosion. 

Copper, aluminium, steel and galvanized iron are the most widely used metals for the purpose of grounding. Choice of any of them will depend upon availability and economics in addition to the climatic conditions (corrosion effect) at the site of installation. In Table 22.3 we provide a brief comparison of these metals for the most appropriate choice of the metal for the required application. 

For economical and complete cathodic protection against external corrosion without harmful effects on nearby installations, the storage tank to be protected must have good coating and therefore require a low protection current density. In addition, it must have no electrical contacts with other buried installations, such as... 

Side entering mixers are used for blending pui-poses. The side entering propeller type mixer is economical and establishes an effective flow pattern in almost any size tank. Because the shaft seal is below the liquid level, its use in fluids without corrosive and erosive properties is usually ideal. 

One of the most effective methods of preventing corrosion is the selection of the proper metal or alloy for a particular corrosive service. Once the conditions of service and environment have been determined that the equipment must withstand, there are several materials available commercially that can be selected to perform an effective service in a compatible environment. Some of the major problems arise from popular misconceptions for example, the use of stainless steel. Stainless steel is not stainless and is not the most corrosion-resistant material. Compatibility of material with service environment is therefore essential. For example, in a hydrogen sulfide environment, high-strength alloys (i.e., yield strength above 90,000 psi or Rc 20 to 22) should be avoided. In material selection some factors that are important to consider are material s physical and chemical properties, economics and availability. 

This method is generally not capable of achieving a uniform standard of cleanliness on structural steel. It is not effective in removing intact mill scale or corrosion products from pitted surfaces. The durability of subsequent coats is therefore variable and unpredictable, and depends on the thoroughness of the operation and the exact nature of the contaminants left on the surface. The method should be confined to non-aggressive environments or where short-term durability is economically acceptable. 

---