Correlation between formation

Figure 4-337. Boatman correlation between formation pressure gradient and bulk density of shale cuttings. (Courtesy SPE [101]. ...

One can see that decomposition temperatures of these compounds are within temperature range 40-600°C. Some compounds, such as monohydrate of lithium hydroxide (40°C), hydrated titanium dioxide (60°C), iron hydroxide (100°C), manganese (145°C) and cobalt (150°C) hydroxides, tungsten acid (180°C), etc., start to release water at relatively low temperatures. Other compounds decompose at a temperature above 200°C. No correlation between formation enthalpy and thermal stability of hydroxides and hydrated oxides is observed. 

TABLE 8.5. Correlation between Formation Conditions and Structure of PS on Illuminated n-Si" " ... 

Figure 2 Correlation between formate concentration and hydrogen production rate by Kcoli strains HD701 (open circles) and MC4100 (closed circles).

Shimada T. 1987. Lack of correlation between formation of reactive metabolites and thymic atrophy caused by 3,4,3, 4 -tetrachlorobiphenyl in C57BL/6N mice. Arch Toxicol 59 301-306. 

Correlation Between Formation of Degradation Products and Changes in Tensile Strength... 

Fig. 12 Correlation between formation of 1-pentyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione and simultaneous decrease in tensile strength for virgin polyamide 6.6 during thermo-oxidation at 100 °C. Reprinted from [65] with permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc. John Wiley Sons, Inc (2002)...

From Solarium tuberosum, Slabnik and Frydman isolated a unique phosphorylase that has no requirement for the primer addition for formation of an amylopectin-like polysaccharide in a cell-free system. The properties of this enzyme were found to differ from those of the usual potato phosphorylase this new enzyme is assumed to be a glycoprotein, the glycosidic component of which acts as the primer. The activity of this phosphorylase disappeared at 55 , in contrast to the usual phosphorylase activity (which withstands this temperature). There was also good correlation between formation of polysaccharide and appearance of inorganic phosphate in the absence of primer. The polysaccharide formed de novo" was shown to be an eflScient primer for starch synthesis. ... 

Primary-structure-based mechanisms for formation of the smectic phase also exist there are putative correlations between formation of the tilted Sc phase and the location of permanent electric dipoles on the mesogenic core. However, attempts to induce the formation of tilted smectic phases in an aromatic analog of sexiphenyl by adding large outboard dipoles failed compound 4, with 4-Debye dipoles associated with the oxadiazole rings, in fact exhibits an unusually large nematic phase spanning more than 225 °C [41] ... 

The energetics and kinetics of film formation appear to be especially important when two or more solutes are present, since now the matter of monolayer penetration or complex formation enters the picture (see Section IV-7). Schul-man and co-workers [77, 78], in particular, noted that especially stable emulsions result when the adsorbed film of surfactant material forms strong penetration complexes with a species present in the oil phase. The stabilizing effect of such mixed films may lie in their slow desorption or elevated viscosity. The dynamic effects of surfactant transport have been investigated by Shah and coworkers [22] who show the correlation between micellar lifetime and droplet size. More stable micelles are unable to rapidly transport surfactant from the bulk to the surface, and hence they support emulsions containing larger droplets. 

The second application of the CFTI approach described here involves calculations of the free energy differences between conformers of the linear form of the opioid pentapeptide DPDPE in aqueous solution [9, 10]. DPDPE (Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen, where D-Pen is the D isomer of /3,/3-dimethylcysteine) and other opioids are an interesting class of biologically active peptides which exhibit a strong correlation between conformation and affinity and selectivity for different receptors. The cyclic form of DPDPE contains a disulfide bond constraint, and is a highly specific S opioid [llj. Our simulations provide information on the cost of pre-organizing the linear peptide from its stable solution structure to a cyclic-like precursor for disulfide bond formation. Such... 

Further evidence for an increased efficiency of complexation in the presence of micellar aggregates with bivalent metal counterions is presented in Table 5.4. The apparent rate constants of the reaction of 5.1c with 5.2 in the presence of micelles of Co(DS)2, Ni(DS)2, Cu(DS)2 and Zn(DS)2 are compared to the rate constants for the corresponding bivalent metal ion - dienophile complexes in the absence of micelles. The latter data are not dependent on the efficiency of the formation of the catalyst - dienophile complex whereas possible incomplete binding will certainly be reflected in the former. The good correlations between 1 and and the absence of a correlation between and... 

Von Baeyer (Nobel Prize, 1905) should be credited for having recognized in 1902 the saltlike character of the compounds formed. He then suggested a correlation between the appearance of color and salt formation—the so-called halochromy. Gomberg (who had just shortly before discovered the related stable triphenylmethyl radical), as well as Walden, contributed to the evolving understanding of the structure of related cationic dyes such as malachite green. 

It would be incomplete for any discussion of soap crystal phase properties to ignore the colloidal aspects of soap and its impact. At room temperature, the soap—water phase diagram suggests that the soap crystals should be surrounded by an isotropic Hquid phase. The colloidal properties are defined by the size, geometry, and interconnectiviness of the soap crystals. Correlations between the coUoid stmcture of the soap bar and the performance of the product are somewhat quaUtative, as there is tittle hard data presented in the literature. However, it might be anticipated that smaller crystals would lead to a softer product. Furthermore, these smaller crystals might also be expected to dissolve more readily, leading to more lather. Translucent and transparent products rely on the formation of extremely small crystals to impart optical clarity. 

Flaws in the anodic oxide film are usually the primary source of electronic conduction. These flaws are either stmctural or chemical in nature. The stmctural flaws include thermal crystalline oxide, nitrides, carbides, inclusion of foreign phases, and oxide recrystaUi2ed by an appHed electric field. The roughness of the tantalum surface affects the electronic conduction and should be classified as a stmctural flaw (58) the correlation between electronic conduction and roughness, however, was not observed (59). Chemical impurities arise from metals alloyed with the tantalum, inclusions in the oxide of material from the formation electrolyte, and impurities on the surface of the tantalum substrate that are incorporated in the oxide during formation. 

Comparison of the data for methoxide with those for t-butoxide in Table 6.4 illustrates a second general trend Stronger bases favor formation of the less substituted alkene. " A stronger base leads to an increase in the carbanion character at the transition state and thus shifts the transition state in the Elcb direction. A linear correlation between the strength of the base and the difference in AG for the formation of 1-butene versus 2-butene has been established. Some of the data are given in Table 6.5. 

It has been found that there is often a correlation between the rate of deprotonation (kinetic acidity) and the thermodynamic stability of the carbanion (thermodynamic acidity). Because of this relationship, kinetic measurements can be used to construct orders of hydrocarbon acidities. These kinetic measurements have the advantage of not requiring the presence of a measurable concentration of the carbanion at any time instead, the relative ease of carbanion formation is judged from the rate at which exchange occurs. This method is therefore applicable to very weak acids, for which no suitable base will generate a measurable carbanion concentration. 

If the polymer system was able to exist in an equilibrium state only, then a strictly defined correlation between (a, ph) and (a, ph) would exist in particular conditions, according to minimum of free energy of system formation. Consequently, there would occur only one temperature at which process initiation is thermodynamically probable. In rare ca.ses there may occur different correlations between ( ph, a) and ( ph, a ), which display one and the same value of free energy minimum of system formation. 

Deoxygenation of the nitroarene in the presence of phenol or an enol (acetyl acetone) fails to yield the 3//-azepine. On the basis of these studies it is concluded that there is a correlation between azepine formation and the p/(a of the hydroxy compound and only those hydroxy compounds of pATa >12 yield 3//-azepines. The detrimental effect of acid conditions on 3H-azepine formation has been referred to earlier.214... 

LaNis has the CaCu, structure, space group P6/mmm [26] the hexagonal metal lattice is shown in Fig. 4. The crystal structure of LaNi5D7 has been determined 127, 28] and is illustrated in Fig. 5. There are three types of interstitial D sites La2Ni4 tetrahedra, and NiA tetrahedra. The unit cell is doubled along the oaxis because of the formation of a superlattice which is a consequence of long-range correlations between occupied and unoccupied... 

It is now well established that in lithium batteries (including lithium-ion batteries) containing either liquid or polymer electrolytes, the anode is always covered by a passivating layer called the SEI. However, the chemical and electrochemical formation reactions and properties of this layer are as yet not well understood. In this section we discuss the electrode surface and SEI characterizations, film formation reactions (chemical and electrochemical), and other phenomena taking place at the lithium or lithium-alloy anode, and at the Li. C6 anode/electrolyte interface in both liquid and polymer-electrolyte batteries. We focus on the lithium anode but the theoretical considerations are common to all alkali-metal anodes. We address also the initial electrochemical formation steps of the SEI, the role of the solvated-electron rate constant in the selection of SEI-building materials (precursors), and the correlation between SEI properties and battery quality and performance. 

According to the Marcus theory [64] for outer-sphere reactions, there is good correlation between the heterogeneous (electrode) and homogeneous (solution) rate constants. This is the theoretical basis for the proposed use of hydrated-electron rate constants (ke) as a criterion for the reactivity of an electrolyte component towards lithium or any electrode at lithium potential. Table 1 shows rate-constant values for selected materials that are relevant to SE1 formation and to lithium batteries. Although many important materials are missing (such as PC, EC, diethyl carbonate (DEC), LiPF6, etc.), much can be learned from a careful study of this table (and its sources). 

A confusing picture emerges from the stereochemical outcome of the Mukaiyama variation of the aldol addition. The titanium(IV) chloride mediated addition of silylketene acetals to isobutyraldehyde confirms this statement while there is a reasonable correlation between the predominance of the (/t)-silylkctenc acetal 2 over the (Z)-acetal, and the favored formation of the an/t -carboxylic ester over the. svn-product, the pure (Z)-diastereomer displays no syn selectivity26. 

A stereoconvergent reaction without any correlation between the geometry of the enolate and simple diastereoselectivity occurs when fluoride ions are used to induce an aldol addition of enolsilanes to aldehydes. For example, both a 99 1 and a 9 91 mixture of the following (Z)/( )-enolsilane lead predominantly to the formation of the. un-adduct in a highly selective manner, when the addition is mediated by tris(diethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsili-conate27,28. 

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