Lithium potential

According to the Marcus theory [64] for outer-sphere reactions, there is good correlation between the heterogeneous (electrode) and homogeneous (solution) rate constants. This is the theoretical basis for the proposed use of hydrated-electron rate constants (ke) as a criterion for the reactivity of an electrolyte component towards lithium or any electrode at lithium potential. Table 1 shows rate-constant values for selected materials that are relevant to SE1 formation and to lithium batteries. Although many important materials are missing (such as PC, EC, diethyl carbonate (DEC), LiPF6, etc.), much can be learned from a careful study of this table (and its sources). 

Jope RS, Jenden DJ, Ehrlich BE, et al Choline accumulates in erythrocytes during lithium therapy. N Engl J Med 299 833-834, 1978 Jope RS, Jenden DJ, Ehrlich BE, et al Erythrocyte choline concentrations are elevated in manic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77 6144-6146, 1980 Jope RS, Morrisett RA, Snead OC Characterization of lithium potentiation of pilocarpine induced status epilepticus in rats. Exp Neurol 91 471-480, 1986 Jordan D, Spyer KM Brainstem integration of cardiovascular and pulmonary afferent activity. Prog Brain Res 67 295-314, 1986... 

Watson SP, Shipman L, Godfrey PP Lithium potentiates agonist formation of [3h]CDP-diacylglycerol in human platelets. Eur J Pharmacol 188 273-276, 1990... 

Garbutt J, Mayo J, Gillette G, et al. Lithium potentiation of tricyclic antidepressants following lack of T3 potentiation. Am J Psychiatry 1986 143 1038-1039. 

When the anode is first charged, it slowly approaches the lithium potential and begins to react with the electrolyte to form a film on the surface of the electrode. This film is composed of products resulting from the reduction reactions of the anode with the electrolyte. This film is called the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer [30], Proper formation of the SEI layer is essential to good performance [31-34], A low surface area is desirable for all anode materials to minimize the first charge related to the formation of SEI layer. Since the lithium in the cell comes from the lithium in the active cathode materials, any loss by formation of the SEI layer lowers the cell capacity. As a result, preferred anode materials are those with a low Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area... 

The equilibrium situation in an electrochemical cell is obtained, if the electrical current is interrupted, if all local actions (e.g. transport in the electrode) have come to an end and no internal short circuits occur. Then, as mentioned (Figure 3.5.10), the cell voltage is determined by the difference in the lithium potential (chemical potential of lithium) between the left-hand side (Ihs) and right-hand side (rhs) of the electrochemical cell (E - open cell voltage, F - Faraday constant) ... 

Wada A, Yokoo H, Yanagita T, Kobayashi H. Lithium potential therapeutics against acute brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. J Pharmacol Sci 2005 99(4) 307-21. 

Approximate the lithium 2s and 2p orbitals by the same functions and approximate the lithium potential by -e /r -I- Ucor<.(r), where... 

Sachdev PS. Lithium potentiation of neuroleptic-related extrap3n idal side effects. Am J Psychiatry (1986) 143,942. 

Electrochemical and spectroscopic methods have been used to investigate irreversible-loss mechanisms of lithium intercalation in disordered polymethacrylo-nitrile carbons. Voltammetric measurements show that the solvent readily decomposes at potentials 1.2 V positive of the reversible lithium potential. Evidence for hydrocarbon, carbonate and alkylcarbonate formation in the surface film is found with the help of combined XPS and SIMS analysis. 

KLEIN - We do indeed use a semi-empirical model for the various interaction potentials. First, we model the ammonia inter molecular potential with an effective pair potential which ignores many body polarization. Models of this type are remarkably successful in explaining the physical properties of polar fluids. Of course, we really should include many body forces, but at this stage we ignore them. The ammonia potential is fitted to the heat of evaporation and the zero-pressure density. The electron-alkali metal (Lithium) potential is represented by the Shaw pseudo potential fitted to the ionization energy. This is the simplest and crudest model possible. We have explored the effect of using (a) Heine-Abarenkov, (b) Ashcroft, and (c) Phillips-Kleinman forms. Our results are not very sensitive to the choice of pseudo potential. (In the case of Cs metal, which I did not discuss, the sensitivity to the potential is crucial). 

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