Zearalenone, corn

Jemmali M, Ueno Y, Ishii K, Frayssinet C, Etienne M (1978) Natural occurrence of trichothecenes, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in corn. Experientia 34 1333-1334 Josephs RD, Schuhmacher R, Krska R (2001) International interlaboratory study for the determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in agricultural commodities. Food Addit Contam 18 417-430... 

Schuhmacher R, Krska R, Grasserbauer M, Edinger W, Lew H (1998) Immuno-affinity columns versus conventional clean-up a method-comparison study for the determination of zearalenone in corn. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 241-245... 

Visconti A, Pascale M (1998) Determination of zearalenone in corn by means of immunoaffinity clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. 

Abbas, H.K. et al., Decomposition of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in the process of making tortilla from corn, Cereal Chem., 65, 15, 1988. 

Reliable analysis methods based on TLC, HPLC, GC, ELISA, and EIA are available for the determination of zearalenone, a-zearalenol, and /3-zearalenol. As far as the application of HPLC in the analysis of zearalenone is concerned, the Bennett et al. method (100) has also been adopted as an official method of analysis by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (17). The method involves extraction with chloroform and purification with liquid/liquid partition into 2% sodium hydroxide. After additional purification steps, determination is performed by C18 with a fluorescence detection (236 nm excitation, 418 nm emission). The method also allows for the determination of -zearalenone, and both analytes are determined in corn at levels... 

Typical chromatograms of zearalenone standard and naturally contaminated corn samples are shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively. 

Fig. 12 Typical chromatogram of zearalenone naturally contaminated corn sample at 0.2 ng/kg. Mobile phase methanol acetonitrile water 1 1.6 2. HPLC pump regulated at 0.8 ml/min. ZEA = zearalenone.

GA Bennett, OL Shotwell, WF Kwolek. Liquid chromatographic determination of a-zearalenol and zearalenone in corn collaborative study. J Ass Off Anal Chem 68 958,1985. 

Disbold et al. [34] developed a laser fluorimetric method for the determination of zearalenone (6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-fra s-l-undcccnyl-/i-resorcylic acid n-lactone))-infected corn. By combining laser fluorimetry with high-pressure liquid chromatography, these workers were able to detect and quantitate the naturally fluorescent mycotoxin zearalenone in contaminated corn samples. 

Experiments with zearalenone standards show that the linear fluorimeter response covers four orders of magnitude with a detection limit of 300 pg zearalenone injected onto a Ci8 reverse-phase column. The corn samples are first purified using a small silica gel column. The recovery from this step is 86% over the range from 5ppb to 2.5 ppm. Based on the magnitude of the zearalenone signals compared to the flatness of the baseline for zearalenone-free corn samples, a limit of 5 ppb is placed on the detection of zearalenone by this procedure. 

Analysis is usually based on foods and feeds (cereals, etc.). In swine, for instance, an epidemiological study conducted on feed samples detected ochratoxin (mean 58.3 (xg/kg) and zearalenon (mean 30.3 xg/kg) in corn. These concentrations were associated with respiratory disorders and also infertility... 

Zearalenon Si60 Corn Toluene/ethylacetate/formic add Flnorescence LOD 2.6 xg/kg, recovery > 63% 10... 

Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin that usually causes toxicity in swine that consume contaminated corn. Prepubertal swine are mostly affected. Affected females show swelling of the vulva and excessive straining, which may cause vaginal prolapses. In male animals, zearalenone will cause decreased libido. There is no effective treatment apart from withdrawing the feed containing the mycotoxin. 

Dry corn fractions Cooking Distribution of fumonisin Bi, distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone Brera et al. (2004, 2006)... 

Brera, C., Catano, C., De Santis, B., Debegnach, F., De Giacomo, M., Pannunzi, E., Miraglia, M. 2006. Effect of industrial processing on the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone in corn-milling fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 5014-5019. 

Zearalenone in corn - TLC method 978.15 Aflatoxin Bi in eggs - TLC method 980.21 Aflatoxin Mi in milk and cheese - TLC method... 

Zeranol and zearalenone metabolites Rice, corn flakes, and soybean RP-HPLC Dual amperometric-UV (SPE) [148]... 

Zeranol and zearalenone and their metabolites have been recently analyzed by Hsieh et al. by dual UV-vis and ED in rice, corn flakes, and soybean [ 148]. The method provided quick and reliable semiconfirmative and quantitative information on the occurrence of these analytes and supplement to ELISA screening method for total mycotoxins. Other HPLC-ED schemes for these mycotoxins have been applied to cattle [149], cheese [150], and edible animal tissue [151], In the last work, these mycotoxins were enzymatically hydrolyzed, in order to be easily oxidized on GCE (Table 4.7). 

Flow cells were used for amperometric immunosensors applied to detection of micror-ganisms such as Francisella, Salmonella, or Escherichia in bioaerosols [62] or zearalenone in corn silage [85]. On-line determinations are also aimed through automated flow-through amperometric immunosensors such as this for okadaic acid in mussel samples employing MBs as renewable solid surface [115]. Impedimetric measurements could also be performed in flow cells such as detection of Escherichia coli 0157 H7 [64]. 

Huff, W.E., and Hagler, W.M., Jr. (1985). Density segregation of corn and wheat naturally contaminated with aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone. J Food Protect., 48, 416-420. 

Thiel, P.G., Meyer, C.J., and Marasas, W.F.O. (1982). Natural occurrence of moniliformin together with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Transkeian corn. J. Agric. Food Chem., 30, 308-312. 

Bennet, G.A. and Anderson, R.A. (1978). Distribution of aflatoxin and/or Zearalenone in wet-milled corn products A Review. J. Agr. Food Chem., 26 1055-1060. 

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