Coreceptor

Multiple and Multisite, Coreceptor- and Coupled-System Substrate Recognition... 

M. A., Dorns, R. W., and Peiper, S. C. (1997). Two distinct CCR5 domains can mediate coreceptor usage by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 71 6305-6314. 

Apelin receptors activate several signalling pathways including coupling through inhibitory G-proteins (G ) and Ras-independent activation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs) via protein kinase C (PKC). The apelin receptor is one of number of G-protein-coupled receptors that can act as an alternative coreceptor for entry into cells of HIV and simian immunodeficiency vims (SIV) strains in human U87 cells expressing CD4 in vitro. Apelin peptides blocks entry of HIV but display different potencies, with apelin-36 being more effective than shorter sequences [3]. 

These recqrtors are integral components of the wingless (Wilt) signaling cascade by acting as coreceptors to frizzled. Simultaneous binding of Wnt ligands to... 

LRP5 and 6 are not required for Wnt/non-(3-catenin signaling instead a protein called Ryk (derailed in Drosophila) is the best characterized coreceptor for the Fz proteins in non-(3-catenin signaling. Ryk/derailed was first implicated in axon guidance, but could conceivably play a more general role in all forms of Wnt/non-P-catenin signaling controlling cell shape, movement, and polarity. 

Ray N, Dorns RW (2006). HIV-1 coreceptors and their inhibitors. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 303 97-120... 

The entry process can be divided into three stages viral attachment, coreceptor binding, and fusion (Fig. 1). The first mandatory step in the process of HIV-1... 

Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996) Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381 661-666 Derdeyn CA, Decker JM, Sfakianos JN, Wu X, O Brien WA, Ratner L, Kappes JC, Shaw GM, Hunter E (2000) Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gpl20. J Virol 74 8358-8367... 

Pasture C, Nedellec R, Ramos A, Pontow S, Ratner L, Mosier DE (2006) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor switching V1/V2 gain-of-fitness mutations compensate for V3 loss-of-fitness mutations. J Virol 80 750-758... 

Quintana FJ, Gerber D, Kent SC, Cohen IR, Shai Y (2005) HIV-1 fusion peptide targets the TCR and inhibits antigen-specific T cell activation. J Chn Invest 115 2149-2158 Reeves JD, Gallo SA, Ahmad N, Miamidian JL, Harvey PE, Sharron M, Pohlmann S, Sfakianos JN, Derdeyn CA, Blumenthal R, Hunter E, Dorns RW (2002) Sensitivity of HIV-1 to entry inhibitors correlates with envelope/coreceptor affinity, receptor density, and fusion kinetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 16249-16254... 

Whitcomb JM, Huang W, Fransen S, Limoli K, Toma J, Wiin T, Chappey C, Kiss LD, Paxinos EE, Petropoulos CJ (2007) Development and characterization of a novel single-cycle recombinant-virus assay to determine human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor tropism, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 566-575... 

Yuan W, Craig S, Si Z, Farzan M, Sodroski J (2004) CD4-induced T-20 binding to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl20 blocks interaction with the CXCR4 coreceptor, J Virol 78 5448-5457... 

Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Ceradini D, Martin SR, Horuk R, MacDonald ME, Stuhlmann H, Koup RA, Landau NR (1996) Homozygous defect in HlV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86 367-377... 

Zhou N, Fang J, Mukhtar M, Acheampong E, Pomerantz RJ (2004) Inhibition of HIV-1 fusion with small interfering RNAs targeting the chemokine coreceptor CXCR4. Gene Ther 11 1703-1712... 

---