Coral mining

Coral reefs are not exeirq) from urbanization, either directly to provide new space, or indirectly, like in Sri Lanka, where the traditional coral mining of lime for the construction industry dates to at least 400 years ago. It has taken a steep rise in the last three decades, endangering this particularly fragile ecosystem. In very dry regions, like the Red Sea coasts, simply discharging waters from hotel resources also heavily threatens the coral reef. Even eutrophication of the waters damages the coral... 

Aragonite. Calcium carbonate is a common deposit in shallow tropical waters as a constituent of muds, or in the upper part of coral reefs where it precipitates from carbon dioxide-rich waters supersaturated with carbonate from intense biological photosynthesis and solar heating. Deposits of ooHtic aragonite, CaCO, extending over 250,000 km in water less than 5 m deep ate mined for industrial purposes in the Bahamas for export to the United States (19). 

Great Barrier Reef and other coral reefs are Paper mill on the Potomac River near Weslemport, Maryland, neutralizes acid mine... 

Figure 2. Sample locations—Upper Freeport coal 1—Harmar Mine, 2— Springdale Mine, 3—Armstrong Mine, 4—Coral strip mine, 5—Houtzdale...

The marine environments around Malaysia are rich in natural resources including fisheries, coral reefs, sea-grass beds, and mangroves, lining the coastlines. Petroleum and natural gas resources are quite abundant in the South China Sea where offshore mining and oil prospecting activities predominate significantly. 

Hansel CM, Fendorf S, Sutton S, Newville M (2001) Characterization of Fe plaque and associated metals on the roots of mine-waste impacted aquatic plants. Environ Sci Technol 35 3863-3868 Hansel CM, LaForce MJ, Fendorf S, Sutton S (2002) Spatial and temporal association of As and Fe species on aquatic plant roots. Environ Sci Technol 36(9) 1988-1994 Hansteen TH, Sachs PM, Lechtenberg F (2000) Synchrotron-XRF microprobe analysis of silicate reference standards using fundamental-parameter quantification. Eur J Mineral 12 25-31 Hart SR, Cohen AL (1996) An ion probe study of annual cycles of Sr/Ca and other trace elements in corals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60 3075-3084... 

Iron ore is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms when iron and oxygen (and sometimes other substances) combine in solntion and deposit as a sediment. Hematite is the most common sedimentary iron ore mineral. Rock salt (halite) is also a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake. It is rarely fonnd at Earth s snrface, except in areas of very arid climate and is often mined for use in the chemical indnstry or for nse as a winter highway treatment. Limestone is a rock that is composed primarily of calcinm carbonate. It can form organically from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal, and fecal debris. It can also form chemically from the precipitation of calcinm carbonate from lake or ocean water. 

Physical destruction of beaches by construction of trenches, placement of mines and other defense installations not only damaged the intertidal zone, but also posed a severe threat to turtles nesting on the islands [41]. However, a survey of the coral reef islands of Kubbar, Qarre, and Timm Al-Maradem off the Kuwaiti coast by [94] did not show any significant damage to coral reefs due to oil spills in these areas. 

Nickel HPAL Nickel Processing Project Coral Bay Nickel Mining Corp. Palawan... 

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