Copy costs

III. First Copy Costs versus New Uses for Existing Products ... 

Table 1 Hsts representative examples of capsule shell materials used to produce commercial microcapsules along with preferred appHcations. The gelatin—gum arabic complex coacervate treated with glutaraldehyde is specified as nonedible for the intended appHcation, ie, carbonless copy paper, but it has been approved for limited consumption as a shell material for the encapsulation of selected food flavors. Shell material costs vary greatly. The cheapest acceptable shell materials capable of providing desired performance are favored, however, defining the optimal shell material for a given appHcation is not an easy task.

The Certificate of Correction. Another mechanism for correcting the patent is the "Certificate of Correction," which is essentially a petition filed by the patentee to correct minor errors in the patent produced either by the U.S. PTO or inadvertentiy by the appHcant. Unlike the Notice of Errors, a Certificate of Correction does result in an additional pubHcation from the U.S. PTO, and anyone requesting a copy of a patent in which a Certificate of Correction has been filed will also obtain the Certificate of Correction. A Certificate of Correction reflects amendments made during the examination of the patent which were entered by the examiner but not found within the issued patent. The omission of such amendments can be in the body of the patent or in the patent claims. The Certificate of Correction may also be used to correct errors in the issued patent which were not present in the patent appHcation when it was filed. If the error was caused by the patent appHcant prior to or during examination, the patent appHcant bears the cost of filing and... 

Documentation abstracts, useful as they are, may also prove inadequate for final decisions, which would make it necessary for the searcher to obtain and examine copies of full patent specifications. Although the increasing availabihty of sets of full specifications on CD-ROM at modest cost is making it easier for searchers to have in their collections copies of those specifications they might need to consult, the necessity to go beyond computer output, whether to abstracts or full specifications, is stiU one of the bottlenecks of computer searching, and therefore an area in which significant new developments are hoped for. 

Chlorinated paraffins are versatile materials and are used in widely differing appHcations. As cost-effective plasticizers, they are employed in plastics particularly PVC, mbbers, surface coatings, adhesives, and sealants. Where required they impart the additional features of fire retardance, and chemical and water resistance. In conjunction with antimony trioxide, they constitute one of the most cost-effective fire-retardant systems for polymeric materials, textiles, surface coatings, and paper products. Chlorinated paraffins are also employed as components in fat Hquors used in the leather industry, as extreme pressure additives in metal-working lubricants, and as solvents in carbonless copying paper. 

The XeroX Copier Machine Model A was announced in 1949, and involved compHcated manual operation. Copies of acceptable quaUty were operator dependent. The Copyflo printer, introduced in 1955, was the first automated xerographic machine and enabled the production of copies on a continuous web of ordinary paper. Early electrophotographic products used paper coated with dye-sensitized zinc oxide Electrofax which had met market resistance in terms of aesthetics and cost, so that in 1958 the total market was only about 100 million (1—3,5). 

It is always risky to keep only one copy of a document. If computer generated, you can easily make another copy provided you always save it, but if manually generated, its loss can be very costly. It is therefore prudent to produce additional copies of critical records as an insurance against inadvertent loss. These insurance copies should be stored in a remote location under the control of the same authority that controls the original records. Insurance copies of computer disks should also be kept in case of problems with the hard disk or file server, if you use one. 

If the purchaser is not satisfied with the wire rope service, he or she shall send the properly preserved sample or a sample of the rope from an unused section to any testing laboratory mutually agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer, with instructions to make a complete API test, and notify the manufacturer to have a representative present. If the report indicates compliance with specifications, the purchaser shall assume cost of testing otherwise, the manufacturer shall assume the expense and make satisfactory adjustments not exceeding full purchase price of the rope. If the report indicates noncompliance with specifications, the testing laboratory shall forward a copy of the test report to the manufacturer. 

COPi, c - operating costs per unit of product i that is manufactured ... 

The version 1.0 bDNA assay was compared with the Monitor and NASB A HIV-1 RNA assays in three clinical evaluations (Coste et al., 1996 Revets et al., 1996 Schuurman et al., 1996). Coste et al. (1996) found that the sensitivity of the bDNA assay was lower (68.3%) than that of both the Monitor (93.3%) and NASBA (100%) assays for detection of HTV-1 RNA among 60 plasma specimens. When results with specimens for which the RNA levels were higher than the lower quantitation limit of each method were analyzed, the mean levels by Monitor, bDNA, and NASBA were 5.38 0.52,5.03 0.55, and 5.39 0.53 log10 copies/ml, re-... 

The principle cost of creating an ES is not the hardware on which the system runs or the software that is used to create it, but the cost of employing a human expert to create the system. Not only are human experts expensive creatures, but they also may be understandably reluctant to spend time developing a computerized copy of themselves, knowing that, the more perfectly they manage to distil their expertise into a computer system, the greater the chance that they will make themselves redundant. 

The performance of a biotreatment system ultimately depends on optimization of the activity of microbes and the ability to control the process parameters of the treatment system [157]. In this respect, the ability to monitor gene copy numbers and gene expression is highly useful for real time optimization of the efficiency of a biotreatment system. Advanced molecular techniques as well as low cost methods (e.g., antibody detection of enzymes based on color reaction strips fluorescence i.e., GFP marked organisms with UV light detection) can also be applied to monitor the microbial community structure, persistence of the added bacteria, and their interactions with indigenous populations. 

Extrusion cooking is an ideal system for a large company. The equipment is capital intensive while the products can often be made from relatively low cost ingredients. Setting up an extruder is complicated, so extruded products are relatively hard to copy. 

The water insoluble, highly chemically and thermally stable PCBs used as insulating fluids for transformers and capacitors, in paints, copy paper, etc., are extremely toxic, persistent in the environment and bioaccumulating. PCBs are currently destroyed by incineration of concentrates at high temperatures or chemically with sodium metals or organosodium. Both processes are costly. The cathodic reduction/elimination of the chlorine from polychlorinated biphenyl... 

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