Cost of ingredients

In addition, LS have several advantages over other delivery systems good physical stability, low cost of ingredients, ease of preparation and scale-up, and high entrapment yields for hydrophobic drugs. Moreover, LS have been successfully used both for the controlled delivery of various types of drugs and as carriers of vaccines and adjuvants [29,31,32]. 

The high cost of ingredients and processing mitigates against commercial success and against such drinks providing a practical nutritional supplement in Third World and famine situations. 

Estimates of the cost of ingredients (with references and remarks on reliability)... 

Dosing accuracy of 0.1%. Accurate dosing of raw materials can save margarine producers significantly in the cost of ingredients. 

The issues concerning availability in terms of both supply and cost of ingredients have already been covered in Chapter 9 and so need not be repeated here. Suffice it to say that the discovery chemist should be aware of the problems which may be encountered by the development chemist and would be well advised to bear these in mind when designing novel structures. Indeed, awareness of available feedstocks and technologies often serves as a source of ideas for the discovery chemist and the matrices of targets generated in this way are ideally suited for exploration using synthesis robots. 

Catalysts for use in industry depend on the following considerations (1) cost of ingredients, (2) simplicity and reproducibility of preparation, (3) catalyst life, (4) ease of regeneration, (5) resistance to poisoning, (6) physical strength, and (7) resistance to thermal shock. On the other hand, catalysts for - use in the laboratory primarily are desired to have high activity and specificity. 

Before accepting a potential reaction path, it is important to examine the gross profit that is, the difference between the sales revenues and the cost of ingredients. To accomplish this, the sales price of tPA is projected (e.g., 200 per 100-mg dose), and the costs of ingredients are projected, with estimates often obtained from the suppliers. A typical list of... 

The cost of developing a new active ingredient, however, is much more cosdy than the basic costs involved in toxicology studies, as shown in Table 3, and is likely to be 35 X 10 (13). 

Some hquid defoamers are preemulsified relatives of paste defoamers. In addition to the fatty components mentioned above, kerosene [8008-20-6] or an organic cosolvent such as 2-propanol have been used to enhance stabiUty of the oil—water emulsion and the solubiUty of the defoamer s active ingredients. These cosolvents are used less frequently as concerns increase about volatile organic emissions (VOCs) from the paper machine. Additionally, the use of ultrapure mineral oil in defoamers has become commonplace. Concern about the creation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in the pulping process has led to the discovery of unchlorinated precursor molecules, especially in recycled mineral oil and other organic cosolvents used in defoamer formulations (28). In 1995 the mineral oil that is used is essentially free of dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran. In addition, owing to both the concern about these oils and the fluctuating cost of raw materials, the trend in paper machine defoamers is toward water-based defoamers (29). 

Ingredients. Nylon-6,6 is made from the reaction of adipic acid [124-04-9] and hexamethylenediamine [124-09-4]. The manufacture of intermediates for polyamides is extremely important not only is the quaUty of the polymer, such as color, degree of polymerization, and linearity, strongly dependent on the ingredient quaUty, but also the economic success of the producer is often determined by the yields and cost of manufacture of the ingredients. 

When low boiling ingredients such as ethylene glycol are used, a special provision in the form of a partial condenser is needed to return them to the reactor. Otherwise, not only is the balance of the reactants upset and the raw material cost of the resin increased, but also they become part of the pollutant in the waste water and incur additional water treatment costs. Usually, a vertical reflux condenser or a packed column is used as the partial condenser, which is installed between the reactor and the overhead total condenser, as shown in Figure 3. The temperature in the partial condenser is monitored and maintained to effect a fractionation between water, which is to pass through, and the glycol or other materials, which are to be condensed and returned to the reactor. If the fractionation is poor, and water vapor is also condensed and returned, the reaction is retarded and there is a loss of productivity. As the reaction proceeds toward completion, water evolution slows down, and most of the glycol has combined into the resin stmcture. The temperature in the partial condenser may then be raised to faciUtate the removal of water vapor. 

Whereas these preparations ate extremely useful for obtaining sufficient quantities of the D metabohtes and analogues for study and as possible therapeutic treatments, their cost is high compared to the cost of manufacture of vitamin D. For this reason, the metabohtes ate unlikely to be successful in replacing vitamin D as an ingredient in animal or human nutrition. 

Milk and Milk Replacers. White pan bread was long made with about 3—4% nonfat dry milk (NEDM) in the United States, for reasons of enhanced nutrition, increased dough absorption, improved cmst color, fermentation buffering, and better flavor. Eor some years, however, sharply increased milk prices have led to a decline in its use in breadmaking. Many bakers have turned to the use of milk replacers to control the costs of their products, and these ingredients are now commonly utilized. Milk replacers were designed to dupHcate some of the functions and nutrition of milk. These blends may contain soy flour or cereals, with whey, buttermilk soHds, sodium or calcium caseinate, or NEDM. Milk replacers or NEDM used in bread dough amount to about 1—2%, based on flour. 

Table 20. Relative Composition and Ingredient Costs of Dairy Products and Substitutes ...

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