Oxidation Copper sulfate

Copper. Some 15 copper compounds (qv) have been used as micronutrient fertilizers. These include copper sulfates, oxides, chlorides, and cupric ammonium phosphate [15928-74-2] and several copper complexes and chelates. Recommended rates of Cu appHcation range from a low of 0.2 to as much as 14 kg/hm. Both soil and foHar appHcations are used. 

C1I2O5S (s) Copper Sulfate Oxide CuO CUSO4 (s) CU2O5S (s) CuO CUSO4 (s)... 

When you stop shaking, the two layers should separate again, but this time the mineral oil layer should appear violet. Tincture of iodine contains both I and 1 but mostly a complex of the two, which is brown. The copper ions in the copper sulfate oxidize 1 to the molecular form 1, which ruins the complex. The molecule Ij is violet and soluble in oils such as mineral oil. ... 

Oxidation with Benedict s reagent (Section 25 19) Sugars that con tain a free hemiacetal function are called reducing sugars They react with copper(ll) sulfate in a sodium citrate/sodium carbonate buffer (Benedict s reagent) to form a red precipitate of copper(l) oxide Used as a qualitative test for reducing sugars... 

The process operated by ACl is outlined in Figure 7. Bales of cotton linter are opened, cooked in dilute caustic soda, and bleached with sodium hypochlorite. The resulting highly purified ceUulose is mixed with pre-precipitated basic copper sulfate in the dissolver, and 24—28% ammonium hydroxide cooled to below 20°C is added. The mixture is agitated until dissolution is complete. If necessary, air is introduced to aUow oxidative depolymerization and hence a lowering of the dope viscosity. 

Pentafluorobenzene. Pentafluoroben2ene has been prepared by several routes multistage saturation—rearomati2ation process based on fluorination of ben2ene with cobalt trifluoride reductive dechlorination of chloropentafluoroben2ene with 10% pabadium-on-carbon in 82% yield (226,227) and oxidation of penta uorophenylbydra2ine in aqueous copper sulfate at 80°C in 77% yield (228). Its ioni2ation potential is 9.37 V. One measure of toxicity is LD q = 710 mg/kg (oral, mouse) (127). 

Cmde diketene obtained from the dimeriza tion of ketene is dark brown and contains up to 10% higher ketene oligomers but can be used without further purification. In the cmde form, however, diketene has only limited stabHity. Therefore, especiaHy if it has to be stored for some time, the cmde diketene is distiHed to > 99.5% purity (124). The tarry distiHation residue, containing trike ten e (5) and other oligomers, tends to undergo violent Spontaneous decomposition and is neutralized immediately with water or a low alcohol. Ultrapure diketene (99.99%) can be obtained by crystallization (125,126). Diketene can be stabHized to some extent with agents such as alcohols and even smaH quantities of water [7732-18-5] (127), phenols, boron oxides, sulfur [7704-34-9] (128) and sulfate salts, eg, anhydrous copper sulfate [7758-98-7]. 

The use of sofid supports in conjunction with permanganate reactions leads to modification of the reactivity and selectivity of the oxidant. The use of an inert support, such as bentonite (see Clays), copper sulfate pentahydrate, molecular sieves (qv) (151), or sifica, results in an oxidant that does not react with alkenes, but can be used, for example, to convert alcohols to ketones (152). A sofid supported permanganate reagent, composed of copper sulfate pentahydrate and potassium permanganate (153), has been shown to readily convert secondary alcohols into ketones under mild conditions, and in contrast to traditional permanganate reactivity, the reagent does not react with double bonds (154). 

Another process, which also generates elemental sulfur as a by-product, has been patented by Envirotech Research Center in Salt Lake City (29). In the Electroslurry process, a ball mill finely grinds a chalcopyrite concentrate, which reacts with an acidic copper sulfate solution for iron removal. The Hquor is electrolyzed and the iron is oxidized to the ferric form. This latter step leaches copper from the copper sulfide for deposition on the cathode. Elemental sulfur is recovered at the same time. 

Methyl violet [8004-87-3] Cl Basic Violet 1 (17), is made by the air oxidation of dimethyl aniline in the presence of salt, phenol, and a copper sulfate catalyst. Initially, some of the dimethyl aniline is oxidized to formaldehyde and /V-methyl aniline under those conditions. The formaldehyde then reacts with dimethyl aniline to produce N,N,]S7,1S7-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane, which is oxidized to Michler s hydrol [119-58-4]. The hydrol condenses with... 

Zinc ores are generally floated at the mine (18). In the case of simple zinc sulfide ores, flotation is carried out by treatment with copper sulfate to activate the sphalerite causing it to be wet by the organic collector (eg, xanthate). The now-hydrophobic zinc ore particles attach themselves to the rising bubbles. Oxidized ore particles present must be sulftdized with sodium sulfide to be floated (19). Flotation produces concentrates which are ca 50—60% zinc. In mixed ore, the lead and copper are usually floated after depressing the sphalerite with cyanide or zinc sulfate. The sphalerite is then activated and floated. 

Copper sulfate, in small amounts, activates the zinc dust by forming zinc—copper couples. Arsenic(III) and antimony(TTT) oxides are used to remove cobalt and nickel they activate the zinc and form intermetaUic compounds such as CoAs (49). Antimony is less toxic than arsenic and its hydride, stibine, is less stable than arsine and does not form as readily. Hydrogen, formed in the purification tanks, may give these hydrides and venting and surveillance is mandatory. The reverse antimony procedure gives a good separation of cadmium and cobalt. 

Copper(II) sulfate monohydrate [10257-54-2] CuS04-H2 0, which is almost white in color, is hygroscopic and packaging must contain moisture barriers. This product is produced by dehydration of the pentahydrate at 120—150°C. Trituration of stoichiometric quantities of copper(II) oxide and sulfuric acid can be used to prepare a material of limited purity. The advantages of the monohydrate as opposed to the pentahydrate are lowered freight cost and quickness of solubilization. However, these advantages are offset by the dustiness of the product and probably less than one percent of copper sulfate is used in the monohydrate form. 

The copper sulfate-pyridine mixture is readily reoxIdized by passing a current of air through it for thirty-six hours (Note 4). To this resulting solution is now added 200 g. of pyridine and it is then used for oxidizing another batch of 1696 g. of benzoin. 

In other words, by the nitric acid oxidation it is difficult to obtain a product completely free from benzoin. The yields by the nitric acid method are generally about 95-96 per cent, whereas with the copper sulfate-pyridine method the yield drops to approximately 86 per cent. 

Oxides of sulfur react with copper oxide to form copper sulfate. Removal with a dry particulate control system follows. 

Sulfur dioxide emissions may affect building stone and ferrous and nonferrous metals. Sulfurous acid, formed from the reaction of sulfur dioxide with moisture, accelerates the corrosion of iron, steel, and zinc. Sulfur oxides react with copper to produce the green patina of copper sulfate on the surface of the copper. Acids in the form of gases, aerosols, or precipitation may chemically erode building materials such as marble, limestone, and dolomite. Of particular concern is the chemical erosion of historical monuments and works of art. Sulfurous and sulfuric acids formed from sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide when they react with moisture may also damage paper and leather. 

Chloroquinoline (401) reacts well with potassium fluoride in dimethylsulfone while its monocyclic analog 2-chloropyridine does not. Greater reactivity of derivatives of the bicyclic azine is evident also from the kinetic data (Table X, p. 336). 2-Chloroquinoline is alkoxylated by brief heating with methanolic methoxide or ethano-lic potassium hydroxide and is converted in very high yield into the thioether by trituration with thiocresol (20°, few hrs). It also reacts with active methylene carbanions (45-100% yield). The less reactive 3-halogen can be replaced under vigorous conditions (160°, aqueous ammonia-copper sulfate), as used for 3-bromoquino-line or its iV-oxide. 4-Chloroquinoline (406) is substituted by alcoholic hydrazine hydrate (80°, < 8 hr, 20% yield) and by methanolic methoxide (140°, < 3 hr, > 90% yield). This apparent reversal of the relative reactivity does not appear to be reliable in the face of the kinetic data (Tables X and XI, pp. 336 and 338) and the other qualitative comparisons presented here. 

Oxidation of 5-arylazo-6-aminoquinoline 146 with copper sulfate in pyridine gave the corresponding 2-aryltriazolo[4,5-/]quinolines 147. Condensation of halo-genated nitrobenzenes with triazolo[4,5-/]quinoline 145 yielded the appropriate 2H- and 3//-aryl derivatives. The nitration of 3-phenyl-3//-triazolo[4,5-/]quino-line 147 occurred at position 4 of the phenyl ring (Scheme 46) (73T221). 

Cupri-. cupric, copper(II). -azetst, n. cupric acetate, copper(II) acetate, -carbonat, n. cupric carbonate, copper(II) carbonate, -chlorid, n. cupric chloride, copper(II) chloride. -hydroxyd, n. cupric hydroxide, cop-per(II) hydroxide. -ion, n. cupric ion, copper(II) ion. -ozalat, n. cupric oxalate, copper(II) oxalate, -oxyd, n. cupric oxide, copper(II) oxide. -salz, n. cupric salt, copper(II) salt, -suifat, n. cupric sulfate. copper(II) sulfate, -sulfid, n. cupric sulfide, copper(II) sulfide, -verbihdung, /. cupric compound, copper(II) compound, -wein-saure, /. cupritartaric acid. 

Copper (II) oxide, 330-331 Copper (II) sulfate, 66 Copper sulfate, 66,260 Core electron An electron in an inner, complete level, 154... 

Suppose the question is whether silver will be oxidized if it is immersed in copper sulfate. The half-cell potential for Ag-Ag+ is —0.80 volt and that for Cu-Cu+2 is —0.34 volt. The first value, —0.80 volt, is more negative than the second, —0.34 volt. The difference, then, is still negative —0.80 — (—0.34) = —0.46 volt. The negative answer shows that Ag-Ag+ has less tendency to lose electrons than does Cu-Cu+2. The reaction will not tend to proceed spontaneously. Silver will not be oxidized to an appreciable extent in copper sulfate. 

The copper obtained from this process is about 99% pure, yet this is not pure enough for most uses, especially those involving electrical conductivity. To refine the copper further, it is made the anode of an electrolytic cell containing copper sulfate solution. With careful control of the voltage to regulate the half-reactions that can occur, the copper is transferred from the anode (where it is about 99 % Cu) to the cathode where it can be deposited as 99.999% Cu. At the anode there is oxidation of copper,... 

Modification of the burning rates, pressure exponents, and temp coefficients of burning rate of the fluorocarbon composites has been accomplished with copper, lead, tin, sodium, ammonium and potassium fluoborates sodium, potassium, lithium, lead, copper and calcium fluorides potassium and ammonium dichromate lead and zinc stearate cesium carbonate potassium and ammonium sulfate copper chromite oxides of magnesium, copper and manganese boron zinc dust and carbon black (Ref 75)... 

Copper salts usually are the result of corrosion in the post-boiler section and may be present as red cuprous oxide (Cu20), black cupric oxide (CuO), or blue-green copper sulfate (CuSO ). Mostly, copper salts are mixed with hematite and magnetite and take on a black color. 

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