Copper radioactive

K. A. Krieger University of Pennsylvania) It may be worth noting that in a series of experiments by Dr, Feighan in my laboratory using the 100 and 111 faces of single crystals of both nickel and copper, radioactive carbon monoxide was found not to be activatedly (irreversibly) adsorbed at any temperature between approximately room temperature and 400°, in spite of the fact that oxidation can occur on the oxidized surfaces or in the presence of molecular oxygen. We are therefore compelled to assume a Rideal mechanism involving an intermediate very similar to that demonstrated by Eischens and Pliskin (Lecture 67). 

Other compounds which may be found in crude oil are metals such as vanadium, nickel, copper, zinc and iron, but these are usually of little consequence. Vanadium, if present, is often distilled from the feed stock of catalytic cracking processes, since it may spoil catalysis. The treatment of emulsion sludges by bio-treatment may lead to the concentration of metals and radioactive material, causing subsequent disposal problems. 

Gold is a useflil caUbration standard for this method (see Radioactive tracers). Whereas similar sensitivities can be achieved by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (qv), the latter requires more extensive sample preparation to overcome interference by other metals such as copper (64). 

The properties of hydrated titanium dioxide as an ion-exchange (qv) medium have been widely studied (51—55). Separations include those of alkaH and alkaline-earth metals, zinc, copper, cobalt, cesium, strontium, and barium. The use of hydrated titanium dioxide to separate uranium from seawater and also for the treatment of radioactive wastes from nuclear-reactor installations has been proposed (56). 

Diffusion coefficients are best measured in the following way. A thin layer of a radioactive isotope of the diffusing atoms or molecules is plated onto the bulk material (for example, radioactive zinc onto copper). The temperature is raised to the diffusion... 

At medium and high temperatures copper ultimately follows the parabolic law " . It has been shown " using radioactive tracers that the diffusion of copper ions in cuprous oxide is the rate-determining step at 8(X)-1 000°C, and there is considerable evidence in favour of the view that metal moves outwards through the film by means of vacant sites in the oxide lattice . 

In 1976 the Swedish government stipulated that no new nuclear reactors should be charged until it had been shown how the radioactive waste products could be taken care of in an "absolutely safe manner" (8). Consequently, the nuclear power industry (through their joint Nuclear Fuel Supply Co, SKBF) embarked on a program referred to as the Nuclear Fuel Safety (KBS) Project (8). In one of the schemes (9) a repository for spent nuclear fuel elements in envisaged at a depth of 500 m in granitic bedrock. The repository will ultimately contain 6000 tonnes of uranium and 45 tonnes of plutonium. The spent fuel elements will be stored in copper cylinders (0.8 m in diameter and 4.7 m in length) with a wall thickness of 200 mm the void will be filled with lead. 

Iodine-131 was among the first radioactive isotopes used for radioimmunoconjugate preparation (Order, 1982 Regoeczi, 1984). Since the earliest studies on the efficacy of radiotherapy, additional isotopes have been employed, such as iodine-125, bismuth-212, yttrium-90, yttrium-88, technetium-99 m, copper-67, rhenium-188, rhenium-186, galium-66, galium-67, indium-111, indium-114 m, indium-115, and boron-10. 

Once machined, all the copper and teflon pieces will undergo a surface cleaning procedure that will guarantee the required low level of surface radioactive contamination for those parts that directly face the detectors. 

To fulfil the background requirements typical of rare event physics, particular care was dedicated to the selection and treatment of the materials used for the construction of CUORICINO the crystals where grown with low contamination materials in China and sent by ship to Italy where they have been optically polished with specially selected low-contamination powders. The mechanical structure of the array was made exclusively in OFHC copper and PTFE both these materials have an extremely low radioactive content. All the copper and PTFE parts of the mounting structure underwent a chemical treatment to remove any possible surface contamination. Finally, the array was assembled in an underground clean room in a N2 atmosphere to avoid Radon contamination. 

Polymers Polyacrylamide and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide were prepared by the American Cyanamid Company specifically for this project, starting with l C labelled monomer. The radioactivity level of the monomer was kept below 0.20 mC /g in order to avoid significant spontaneous polymerization, utilizing a copper inhibitor. The homopolymer was synthesized by free radical solution polymerization in water at 40°C, using monomer recrystallized from chloroform, an ammonium persulfate-sodium metabisulfite catalyst system, and isopropanol as a chain transfer agent. Sodium... 

There has been great interest in Cu(II) as a result of its role in biology, and the versatility in its available radioactive isotopes. The chemistry of bis(thiosemicarbazonato) metal complexes has received much interest over the last decade with particular interest in the copper complexes that are known blood perfusion tracers and also display hypoxic selectivity. Biomedical applications revolve around its redox chemistry (12,83-88,98-104). 

Robertson [ 57 ] has measured the adsorption of zinc, caesium, strontium, antimony, indium, iron, silver, copper, cobalt, rubidium, scandium, and uranium onto glass and polyethylene containers. Radioactive forms of these elements were added to samples of seawater, the samples were adjusted to the original pH of 8.0, and aliquots were poured into polyethylene bottles, Pyrex-glass bottles and polyethylene bottles contained 1 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid to bring the pH to about 1.5. Adsorption on the containers was observed for storage periods of up to 75 d with the use of a Nal(Tl) well crystal. Negligible adsorption on all containers was registered for zinc, caesium, strontium, and... 

Urea acts not only as an ammonia source but also forms decomposition products, such as biuret and higher condensation products. 14C labeling has indicated that the carbon atom of the urea molecule is not incorporated into the phthalocyanine structure. Employing a phthalic anhydride molecule bearing one radioac-tively labeled carbonyl function affords labeled copper phthalocyanine and phthalimide (as a side product), while the liberated carbon dioxide was found not to show any radioactivity. Labeled carbon dioxide, on the other hand, has been obtained in corresponding experiments using 14C labeled urea. 

ISOTOPES There are 32 known isotopes of copper, ranging from Cu-52 to Cu-80. Only two of these 32 isotopes of copper are stable, and together they make up the amount of natural copper found In the Earth s crust In the following proportions Cu-63 = 69.17% and Cu-65 = 30.83%. All the other Isotopes of copper are radioactive and are artificially produced with half-lives ranging from a few nanoseconds to about 61 hours. 

Isotopes can be divided into two fundamental kinds, stable and unstable (radioactive) species. The number of stable isotopes is about 300 whilst over 1,200 unstable ones have been discovered so far. The term stable is relative, depending on the detection limits of radioactive decay times, hi the range of atomic numbers from 1 (H) to 83 (Bi), stable nuclides of all masses except 5 and 8 are known. Only 21 elements are pure elements, in the sense that they have only one stable isotope. AU other elements are mixtures of at least two isotopes. The relative abundance of different isotopes of an element may vary substantially. In copper, for example, Cu accounts for 69% and Cu for 31% of all copper nuclei. For the light elements, however, one isotope is predominant, the others being present only in trace amounts. 

It is primarily indicated in lead poisoning. It is also useful in iron, zinc, copper, manganese and radioactive metal but not mercury poisoning. 

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