Copper pollution

Copper pollution in Palestine due to copper smelting thousands of years before. 

Tiller K.G., Merry R.H. Copper Pollution of Agricultural Soils. In Copper in Soils and Plants, J.F. Loneragan, A.D. Robson, R.D. Graham, eds. Sydney Academic Press, 1981. 

Han, B.C. and T.C. Hung. 1990. Green oysters caused by copper pollution on the Taiwan Coast. Environ. Pollut. 65 347-362. 

Hopkin, S. P, G.N. Hardisty, and M.H. Martin. 1986. The woodlouse Porcellio scaber as a biological indicator of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper pollution. Environ. Pollut. llB 271-290. 

Copper plating, 9 764, 766, 804-807 Copper pollutants, 9 443-444 Copper pyrophosphate deposition, 9 809 Copper recovery... 

Before 1700 Pollution has been with us a long time. There was copper pollution near Jericho on the west bank of the Jordan river due to copper smelting for tool manufacture thousands of years ago. Deforestation of many areas near the Mediterranean Sea for the building of ships was a... 

O class 1 - topsoil with high anthropogenic heavy metal pollution 0-20 cm class 2 - horizon with extremely high copper pollution 20-35 cm V class 3 - transition horizon with rapidly decreasing heavy metal concentrations ... 

Table 3-1. The percentage of copper-tolerant individuals found in populations of grass species collected from a range of non-cupriferous soils, in relation to the presence or absence of the species on copper-polluted wastes, and the copper tolerance of collected adult plants (data of Ingram, 1988, from Baker and Proctor, 1990).

Phosphomonoesterase activity has been studied in several metal-contaminated streams at both high and low pH values. For instance, Sabater et al. (2003), who investigated the highly acidic, copper-polluted Rio... 

Ottosen LM, Hansen HK, Bech-Nielsen G, VUlumsen A. (2000). Electrodialytic remediation of an arsenic and copper polluted soU—Continuous addition of ammonia during the process. Environmental Technology 21(12) 1421-1428. 

The copper concentration distribution across the soil is shown in Figure 16.15. Approximately 40% of the tank (the lower part of Fig. 16.13) was left without electrodes, to provide a comparison with no field present. The copper concentration across the tank, parallel to the flow, are compared in Figures 16.16 and 16.17. Where there are no electrodes, the copper pollutant has advanced significantly. 

Table 2 shows that the higher the As(V) level in acclimation, the higher is the arsenic accumulation by C. vulgaris. Foster [33] reported there to be relationship between the tolerance and bioaccumulation of copper ion by C. vulgaris (the same species as the above). According to his results, the nontolerant strain was four times as sensitive to the copper ion but accumulated 5 to 10 times more metal than the tolerant strain, which had been acclimated to copper ion in a copper-polluted environment. These results imply that tolerance to the copper ion is attributable to copper exclusion by the cell. On the other hand, the arsenic-tolerant strain accumulated more arsenic than the nonacclimated strain. Therefore, different mechanisms are likely to be involved in the tolerances of C. vulgaris to arsenic and copper. 

Even ia 1960 a catalytic route was considered the answer to the pollution problem and the by-product sulfate, but nearly ten years elapsed before a process was developed that could be used commercially. Some of the eadier attempts iacluded hydrolysis of acrylonitrile on a sulfonic acid ion-exchange resia (69). Manganese dioxide showed some catalytic activity (70), and copper ions present ia two different valence states were described as catalyticaHy active (71), but copper metal by itself was not active. A variety of catalysts, such as Umshibara or I Jllmann copper and nickel, were used for the hydrolysis of aromatic nitriles, but aUphatic nitriles did not react usiag these catalysts (72). Beginning ia 1971 a series of patents were issued to The Dow Chemical Company (73) describiag the use of copper metal catalysis. Full-scale production was achieved the same year. A solution of acrylonitrile ia water was passed over a fixed bed of copper catalyst at 85°C, which produced a solution of acrylamide ia water with very high conversions and selectivities to acrylamide. 

Another ak pollutant that can have very serious effects is hydrogen sulfide, which is largely responsible for the tarnishing of silver, but also has played a destmctive role in the discoloration of the natural patinas on ancient bronzes through the formation of copper sulfide. Moreover, a special vulnerabihty is created when two metals are in contact. The electromotive force can result in an accelerated corrosion, eg, in bronzes having kon mounting pins. 

National Research Council Committee on Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Copper, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C, 1977. 

Stainless steels in soil can only be attacked by pitting corrosion if the pitting potential is exceeded (see Fig. 2-16). Contact with nonalloyed steel affords considerable cathodic protection at f/jj < 0.2 V. Copper materials are also very resistant and only suffer corrosion in very acid or polluted soils. Details of the behavior of these materials can be found in Refs. 3 and 14. 

The principal effects of air pollutants on metals are corrosion of the surface, with eventual loss of material from the surface, and alteration in the electrical properties of the metals. Metals are divided into two categories—ferrous and nonferrous. Ferrous metals contain iron and include various types of steel. Nonferrous metals, such as zinc, aluminum, copper, and silver, do not contain iron. 

Alloys of nonferrous metals, primarily the brasses (copper and zinc) and the bronzes (copper and tin), can cause an air pollution problem during melting and casting. The type and degree of emissions depend on the furnace and the alloy. Control systems consist of hoods over the furnaces and pouring stahons to collect the hot gases, ducts and fans, and baghouses or ESPs. 

On his return home in 1911, Honda was appointed professor of physies at the new Tohoku Imperial University in Sendai, in the north of Japan this institution had been established only in 1906, when the finance minister twisted the arm of an industrialist who had made himself unpopular because of pollution eaused by his copper mines and extracted the necessary funds to build the new university. A provisional institute of physical and chemical research was initiated in 1916, divided into a part devoted to novel plastics and another to metals. This proved to be Honda s lifetime domain he assembled a lively team of young physicists and chemists. In the same year, Honda invented a high-cobalt steel also containing tungsten and chromium, which had by far the highest coercivity of any permanent-magnet material then known. He called it KS steel, for K. Sumitomo, one of his sponsors, and it made Honda famous. 

The most efficient processes in Table I are for steel and alumintim, mainly because these metals are produced in large amounts, and much technological development has been lavished on them. Magnesium and titanium require chloride intermediates, decreasing their efficiencies of production lead, copper, and nickel require extra processing to remove unwanted impurities. Sulfide ores produce sulfur dioxide (SO2), a pollutant, which must be removed from smokestack gases. For example, in copper production the removal of SO, and its conversion to sulfuric acid adds up to 8(10) JA g of additional process energy consumption. In aluminum production disposal of waste ciyolite must be controlled because of possible fiuoride contamination. 

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