Copper pharmaceutical applications

Lithium, Magnesium, and Copper Contemporary Applications of Organometallic Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry... 

The copper compound that Joseph Proust used to establish the law of constant composition (page 36) is referred to in different ways. If you look up Proust s compound in a handbook of minerals, you will find it listed as malachite, with the formula Cu2(0H)2C03. In a handbook that specializes in pharmaceutical applications, this same compound is listed as basic cupric carbonate, with the formula CH2CU2O5. In a chemistry handbook, it is listed as copper(II) carbonate dihydroxide, with the formula CuC03 Cu(0H)2. All you ne to understand at this point is that regardless of the formula you use, you... 

In certain direct steam-contact process applications (such as in food and beverage processing or pharmaceutical preparations) the use of amine-based products in steam and condensate systems is subject to legal restrictions. Also, the use of ammonia or amines may be dependent on the materials of construction employed or technical limitations (such as the risk of copper alloy corrosion). 

Insensitive to impact, it decomposes, sometimes explosively, above its m.p. [1], particularly if heated rapidly [2], Although used in aqueous solutions as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations, application of freeze-drying techniques to such solutions has led to problems arising from volatilisation of traces of hydrazoic acid from non-neutral solutions, condensation in metal lines, traps or filters, and formation of heavy metal azides in contact with lead, copper or zinc components in the drying plant [3,4],... 

Satake et al. reported the use of a coated wire electrode sensitive to procaine and other local anesthetic cations, and their application to potentiometric determination [73]. Electrodes were constructed from a copper wire (0.8 mm diameter), coated with a PVC membrane comprising a mixture of the drug-tetraphenylborate ion-pair, dioctyl phthalate, polyvinyl chloride, and tetrahydrofuran. Potential measurement was made with respect to a Ag-AgCl reference electrode. The electrodes showed linear responses with a Nemstian slope for procaine over the concentration range investigated. The method was used for analyses of the drug in pharmaceutical preparations. 

The quality control of pharmaceuticals is particularly important. Care must be taken to limit the levels of toxic metals in the final product. The acid dissolution. procedures described above (e.g. 6 M hydrochloric acid) are often equally applicable for the determination of impurities. Complete destruction of the matrix by wet oxidation or dry ashing may be necessary to obtain a completely independent method. Raw materials, catalysts, preparative equipment and containers are all possible sources of contamination. Lead, arsenic, mercury, copper, iron, zinc and several other metals may be subject to prescribed limits. Greater sensitivity is often required for lead and arsenic determinations and this can be achieved by electrothermal atomisation. Kovar etal. [112] brought samples into solution using 65% nitric acid under pressure at 170—180° C and, after adding ammonium and lanthanum nitrate, determined arsenic in the range 10—200 ng in a graphite... 

Aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids, especially salicylic acid, have a wide range of applications, for example, as valuable raw materials and intermediates in the production of pharmaceutical chemicals. Originally, salicylic acid was synthesized by the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction [57], which consists of two steps (1) the synthesis and purification of alkali metal phenoxides and (2) carboxylation (Scheme 4.4). Another possible synthetic method is via the attack of a trichloromethyl cation (generated by a copper catalyst from carbon tetrachloride) on the phenoxide anion, followed by hydrolysis of the C—Cl bonds with concentrated sodium hydroxide, because it is fairly difficult to replace an aromatic hydrogen with carboxyl functionality [58]. 

The commercial uses of arsenic compounds in 1988, measured in terms of elemental arsenic, are wood (qv) preservatives, 69% agricultural products (herbicides (qv) and desiccants (qv)), 23% glass (qv), 4% nonferrous alloys and electronics, 2% and animal feed additives and pharmaceuticals (qv), 2% (see Feeds and FEED additives). Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) [11125-95-4] is the most widely used arsenic-based wood preservative. The Environmental Protection Agency has, however, restricted the use of arsenical wood preservatives to certified applicators. 

Amperometric techniques are very useful for detecting analytes that have been separated by chromatographic means but have no chromophores or other easy means of detection. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry (ASV) can be used for the direct sensitive analysis of metals in many types of sample matrix. For example, ASV has been used to determine cadmium, lead and zinc in urine, copper and bismuth in human hair tin in fruit juice, zinc and copper in fish and lead in gunshot residue. Stripping analysis can also be used for other applications such as determining flavanols in wine °, inorganic compounds such as cyanide and pharmaceuticals. ... 

Worldwide, the largest use of copper (-9.75x10 tons) is in electrical wire and cable and other electronic applications (MARCO, 1989). Metal copper is also used in water piping, stills, roofing material, and kitchenware for chemicals and pharmaceutical equipment as a pigment and as a precipitant of selenium (Fabian 1986). Copper metal has contraceptive properties, and an intrauterine copper device (lUD) was developed for humans (Zipper et al. 1968) a typical lUD may add 80 p,Cu per day to the woman s body (Kjaer et al. 1993). 

It has been proven that SAPC can perform a broad spectrum of reactions such as hydroformylation, hydrogenation, and oxidation, for the synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and their intermediates. Table 1 summarizes some of the reported applications of SAPC. Although rhodium complexes are the most extensively used in SAPC, the complexes of ruthenium, platinum, palladium, cobalt, molybdenum, and copper have also been employed (Table 1). 

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