Copper emission from

Denier van der Gon HAC, Hulskotte JHJ, Visschedijk AJH, Schaap M (2007) A revised estimate of copper emissions from road transport in UNECE-Europe and its impact on predicted copper concentrations. Atmos Environ 41(38) 8697-8710... 

Secondary Emissions from Basic Oxygen Process Steelmaking Facilities for Which Construction Commenced after January 20, 1983 Sewage Treatment Plants Primary Copper Smelters Primary Zinc Smelters... 

This method is used for the determination of total chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), beiylhum (Be), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), phosphorus (P), thalhum (Tl), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), and mer-cuiy (Hg) stack emissions from stationaiy sources. This method may also be used for the determination of particulate emissions fohowing the procedures and precautions described. However, modifications to the sample recoveiy and analysis procedures described in the method for the purpose of determining particulate emissions may potentially impacl the front-half mercury determination. 

Arizona has traditionally been a large copper-producing state. SO, emissions from copper smelters near Phoenix and Tucson are shown in Fig. 10-10 (1). Phoenix is located 100 km from the nearest smelter, and Tucson is 60 km from the nearest smelter. The improvement in visibility in the 1967-1968 period was due to a decrease in SO, emissions when there was 9-month shutdown caused by a strike. Improvement in visibility in the mid-1970 was the result of better control technology and process changes. 

Some fugitive particulate emissions occur around copper mines, concentrating, and smelting facilities, but the greatest concern is with emissions from the ore preparation, smelting, and refining processes. Table 30-9 gives the emissions of SO2 from the smelters. 

Beta radiation Electron emission from unstable nuclei, 26,30,528 Binary molecular compound, 41-42,190 Binding energy Energy equivalent of the mass defect measure of nuclear stability, 522,523 Bismuth (m) sulfide, 540 Blassie, Michael, 629 Blind staggers, 574 Blister copper, 539 Blood alcohol concentrations, 43t Body-centered cubic cell (BCC) A cubic unit cell with an atom at each comer and one at the center, 246 Bohrmodd Model of the hydrogen atom... 

RBa2Cu40g (R = Sm, Y, Er) Nuclear-quadrupole coupling parameters at the rare-earth metal and copper sites from Cu ( Zn) and Ga( Zn) Mossbauer emission spectroscopy, EEG tensor in comparison with point charge model, shows that holes in lattices are localized primarily at chain-oxygen sites... 

While vanadia- on titania-based catalysts can be used for both the classes of applications, there are other types of catalysts such as those based on copper [31b], which show good performances in case of mixtures of N0/N02 (nitric acid plants), while performances are worse when applied to emissions from catalytic processes. 

The emission from copper is shown in Figure 2.66. The two prominent lines in the copper emission are termed the copper and K., lines. The transitions responsible are to the K shell, that with principal quantum number one, the 2s and 2p levels are referred to as the L shell, etc. The Greek letters indicate from where the transition originates the 2p Is transition gives the line and the 3p-> Is the line. Sometimes the line is split into a doublet as a result of exchange terms. 

Another relatively simple approach is that of Stolzberg and Rosin [419]. The sample is spiked with an excess of copper, then passed through a Chelex 100 column. The column retains the free copper ion, but passes the copper associated with strong ligands. The chelated copper eluted from the column is measured by plasma emission spectrometry. 

FGD is used to control S02 emissions from coal and oil combustion from electric utilities and industrial sources. Impingement scrubbers are one wet scrubber configuration used to bring exhaust gases into contact with a sorbent designed to remove the S02. On occasion, wet scrubbers have been applied to S02 emissions from processes in the primary non-ferrous metals industries (e.g., copper, lead, and aluminum), but sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur plants are more popular control devices for controlling the high S02 concentrations associated with these processes. 

The wavelength used is dependent on the element used in the x-ray source. A common element for the source is copper, and the wavelength isolated from the copper emission is 1.539 A. See Workplace Scene 10.1. 

Figure 12.20 shows the structure of the side-window circular cage type and linear focused head-on type of photomultiplier which are both preeminent in fluorescence studies. The lower cost of side-window tubes tends to favor their use for steady-state studies, whereas the ultimate performance for lifetime studies is probably at present provided by linear focused devices. In both types internal current amplification is achieved by virtue of secondary electron emission from discrete dynode stages, usually constructed of copper-beryllium (CuBe) alloy, though gallium-phosphide (GaP) first dynodes have been used to obtain higher gains. 

Figure 2.2 Spectrum of X-ray emission from a copper target at various excitation...

The best flame emission in the blue region of the visible spec-tmm (435-480 nanometers) is obtained from copper monochloride, CuCl. Flame emission from this molecular species yields a series of bands in the region from 428-452 nanometers, with additional peaks between 476-488 nanometers [1, 11]. ... 

Small, M. Germanl, M. S. Small, A. Zoller, W. H. Moyers, J. L. "An Airborne Plume Study of Emissions from the Processing of Copper Ores In Southeastern Arizona", Environ. Scl. Technol. (In press). 

Emission spectroscopy utilizes the characteristic line emission from atoms as their electrons drop from the excited to the ground state. The earliest version of emission spectroscopy as applied to chemistry was the flame test, where samples of elements placed in a Bunsen burner will change the flame to different colors (sodium turns the flame yellow calcium turns it red, copper turns it green). The modem version of emission spectroscopy for the chemistry laboratory is ICP-AES. In this technique rocks are dissolved in acid or vaporized with a laser, and the sample liquid or gas is mixed with argon gas and turned into a plasma (ionized gas) by a radio frequency generator. The excited atoms in the plasma emit characteristic energies that are measured either sequentially with a monochromator and photomultiplier tube, or simultaneously with a polychrometer. The technique can analyze 60 elements in minutes. 

The transport of copper and lead in the vapour phase under such volcanic conditions is well documented. While the Cu3Clj trimer might be important for the former, abundant evidence for CuCl(g) has accrued. It has been observed spectrographically in volcanic flames at Kilaue,158 and in high-temperature volcanic gases by other workers.159,160 The sublimation of CuCl from lavas leading to the crystallization of primary atacamite, Cu3(OH)3Cl, upon condensation has also been reported.161 Zinc may also be transported as the volatile chloride under the same conditions and has been noted in fumarolic emissions from the Showashinzan volcano, Japan.162... 

US EPA estimated that there were major reductions in emissions from three of the five major PCDD/F sources to the atmosphere municipal incineration (86%), medical waste incineration (81%), and secondary copper smelting (72%), and a total emission reduction of 77% between 1987 and 1995 [84]. This emission reduction is somewhat optimistic given the 50% de-... 

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