Copper , bioavailability

Stauber JL, Davies CM (2000) Use and limitations of microbial bioassays for assessing copper bioavailability in the aquatic environment. Environ Rev 8 255-301... 

Chaignon, V., SanchezNeira, I., Herrmann, P., Jadlard, B. and Hinsinger, P. (2003). Copper bioavailability and extractability as related to chemical properties of contaminated soils from a vine-growing area , Environmental Pollution, 123, 229-238. 

This section demonstrates that (1) free ionic copper (Cu2+) is the most toxic chemical species of copper and that copper bioavailability is modified by many biological and abiotic variables (2) copper metabolism and sensitivity to copper of poikilotherms differs from that of mammals and (3) copper interactions with inorganic and organic chemicals are substantial and must be considered when evaluating copper hazards to natural resources. 

In Limnodrilus sp., an oligochaete worm, copper bioavailability from surhcial freshwater sediments is associated with the amount of copper present in the manganese oxide fraction of the sediment. The redox potential and pH in the gut of Limnodrilus allows the dissolution of the manganese oxide coating, making copper and other metals available for uptake (Diks and Allen 1983). 

World Health Organization. 1977. Enrichment of dried skim milk. Food Nutr. 3, 2-7. Zemel, M. B., Soullier, B. A. and Steinhardt, N. J. 1982. Effects of calcium, ortho- and polyphosphates on calcium, zinc, iron, and copper bioavailability in man. Fed. Proc. 42, 397. 

Davies, C.M., Apte, S.C. and Johnstone, A.L. (1998) A bacterial bioassay for the assessment of copper bioavailability in freshwaters. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual., 13, 263-271. 

Chaignon, V., Bedin, F., and Hinsinger, P. (2002a). Copper bioavailability and rhizosphere pH changes as affected by nitrogen supply for tomato and oilseed rape cropped on an acidic and a calcareous soil. Plant Soil 243, 219-228. 

Copper concentrations in sediment interstitial pore waters correlate positively with concentrations of dissolved copper in the over-lying water column and are now used to predict the toxicity of test sediments to freshwater amphipods. Sediment-bound copper is available to deposit-feeding clams, especially from relatively uncontaminated anoxic sediments of low pH. The bioavailability of copper from marine sediments, as judged by increased copper in sediment interstitial waters, is altered by increased acid volatile sulfide (AVS) content. But AVS is not an appropriate partitioning phase for predicting copper bioavailability of freshwater sediments. 

The issue of bioavailability from food sources and the interactions between food groups and copper availability remains a critical question. Lonnerdal et al. demonstrated that heat treatment of cows milk formula decreases the copper bioavailability. Transitional complexes form in the milk upon heating that have a similar configuration to copper and thereby directly inhibit copper absorption. High doses of zinc also reduce copper bioavailability, as does combined iron and zinc supplementation. The dilemma is how to prepare an infant formula containing adequate copper, iron, and zinc that will meet the RDA for copper. Other nutrients dramatically affect copper absorption from foods. Soy protein-based diets promote less copper retention in tissues than lactalbumin-based diets. However, it is unclear if this effect is solely due to the soy protein composition or to the higher zinc in these soy-based formulas. In animals, phytate causes a drop in serum copper but human stable isotope studies reveal no... 

Schlemmer U. Decker H. (1993) On the mechanism of the copper-pectin interaction. In proceedings of Bioavailability 93 Nutritional, Chemical and Food Processing Implications of Nutrient Availability. U. Schlemmer (Ed.). Ettlingen, May 9-12, 494-500. 

Loessial soils in the Loess Plateau contained 0.01-4.20 mg/kg DTPA-extractable Cu with an average of 0.93 mg/kg (Table 7.7). Bioavailable Cu in the North China Plain varied from 0.07-9.95 mg/kg. In the North West region, soils contained 0.06-19.20 mg/kg DTPA-extractable Cu. The average bioavailable Cu was 1.83 mg/kg in the calcareous paddy soils with a range of trace to 6.85 mg/kg. Copper deficiency was not often observed in the arid and semi-arid soils of China. 

Bolan N.S., Khan M.A., Donaldson J., Adriano D.C., Matthew C. Distribution and bioavailability of copper in farm effluent. Sci. Total Environ 2003 309 225-236. 

Cherrey A., Chaignon V., Hinsinger P. Bioavailability of copper in thizosphere of rape and ryegrass cropped in vineyard soils. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements. Vienna, Austria, 1999. 

L. Landner and R. Reuther (eds.) Metals in Society and in the Environment. A Critical Review of Current Knowledge on Fluxes, Speciation, Bioavailability and Risk for Adverse Effects of Copper, Chromium, Nickel and Zinc. 2004... 

In seawater, the major chemical species of copper are Cu(OH)Cl and Cu(OH)2 and these account for about 65% of the total copper in seawater (Boyle 1979). The levels of copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) increase from about 18% of the total copper at pH 7.0 to 90% at pH 8.6 copper carbonate (CuC03) dropped from 30% at pH 7.0 to less than 0.1% at pH 8.6 (USEPA 1980). The dominant copper species in seawater over the entire ambient pH range are copper hydroxide, copper carbonate, and cupric ion (USEPA 1980). Bioavailability and toxicity of copper in marine ecosystems is promoted by oxine and other lipid soluble synthetic organic chelators (Bryan and Langston 1992). 

Absil, M.C.P., L.S.A. Gerringa, and B.T. Wolterbeek. 1993. The relation between salinity and copper com-plexing capacity of natural estuarine waters and the uptake of dissolved MCu by Macoma balthica. Chem. Spec. Bioavail. 5 119-128. 

Diks, D.M. and H.E. Allen. 1983. Correlation of copper distribution in a freshwater-sediment system to bioavailability. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30 37-43. 

Klima, K.E. and F.M. Applehans. 1990. Copper exposure and the degeneration of olfactory receptors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Chem. Spec. Bioavail. 2 149-154. 

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