Conversion software

The type of system chosen determines the types of hardware and software needed. It also determines the processes for acquiring the necessary hardware and software. The hardware selection may include desktops, laptops, printers, scanners, fax machines, and storage devices, and the software selection includes the system development software, the database management software, the data communication software, the data conversion software, specialized proprietary software, servers, and hrewalls. 

Various computer software and programs have been developed and used to simplify the transformation, manipulation, and analysis of trial data, to speed up and increase the accuracy of reporting the trial s hndings. If data are collected in a format other than that required by the analysis software, the data must be transformed. There are several data conversion software packages that can be used to transform the collected data from the original format to the analysis format. Examples of these include DBMSCopy and Stat/ Transfer. 

Where there is a need to convert to or from SI units, reference can be made to the conversion factors found in BS 35013, which has recently been revised, or use made of conversion software, for example Convert from Rapra Technology. 

Table 17.6 Available powder diffraction data conversion software and supported file types. 

However, there are various costs such as those associated with the initial set up of a scheme, annual trustee and fund management services fee, switching fee, buy-and-sell spread, cash rebate, discount, associated benefit packages, payroll/MPF contribution conversion software as well as many others. In addition to after-sales service, it is a combination of some or all of the above that provides the appeal to the employer when making an MPF selection decisions. 

Image or print quality in any form of textile piinting will consider the appearance and color of the print as well as print permanence, usability, or cost. Print issues may relate to the original design file, the conversion software for the printer, inconsistent fabric feed through the printer, fabric pretreatments, and fixing or finishing rather than ink formulations. Visual analysis of ink performance as a print combines specific... 

It is needed to allow computer-readable chemical structure data to be exchanged between different programs (perhaps from different suppliers) with the minimum of special conversion software. 

The principal advantage of a standard format is that it will allow the transfer of chemical structure data between different programs without the need for special conversion software. Such a format will only be successful, however, if it meets the requirements of those likely to use it across a range of user communities. Considerable care therefore needs to be taken in its design, with input being taken from wide variety of individuals and organisations. 

Another aspect is online data entry. Today most instruments are not connected directly to a LIMS. A computer operates the instrument and transfers the results to the LIMS. TTierefore a file (usually an ASCII file) is created which is specific for the instrument. It is necessary to convert it into another structure so that it can be imported. For this the conversion software has to be progranun. There are also commercial conversion programs which can be adjusted to the particular interface. Raw data such as chromatograms and spectra do not belong in a LIMS and should be managed in another way. 

During the process of conversion, a program may drop some information produced by other software because the format conventions cannot handle this additional information. For example, when the J ACMP format is converted to a Molfile, its content is reduced to structural data only, without spectra data. In other cases, a... 

Additionally, solutions to problems are presented in the text and the accompanying CD contains computer programs (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and software) for solving modeling problems using numerical methods. The CD also contains colored snapshots on computational fluid mixing in a reactor. Additionally, the CD contains the appendices and conversion table software. 

D-1160 is run under vacuum (one millimeter of mercury). The results are converted to atmospheric pressure, using standard cor relations. Some newer apparatuses have built-in software that performs the conversion automatically. D-1160 is limited to a maximum EP temperature of about 1,000°F (538°C) at atmospheric pressure. Above this temperature, the sample begins to crack thermally. 

Optimisation may be used, for example, to minimise the cost of reactor operation or to maximise conversion. Having set up a mathematical model of a reactor system, it is only necessary to define a cost or profit functionOptimisation and then to minimise or maximise this by variation of the operational parameters, such as temperature, feed flow rate or coolant flow rate. The extremum can then be found either manually by trial and error or by the use of a numerical optimisation algorithms. The first method is easily applied with ISIM, or with any other simulation software, if only one operational parameter is allowed to vary at any one time. If two or more parameters are to be optimised this method however becomes extremely cumbersome. 

Houben [256] has compared the determination of flame-retardant elements Br, P, S, K, Cl and F in polycarbonate using commercial (X40 and UniQuant ) software. For the X40 method, a calibration line for each element in PC or PC/ABS blends was mapped for the conversion of intensities to concentrations. With the universal UniQuant method, sensitivity factors (ks) were calibrated with pure standards. The X40 method turned out to be more reliable than UniQuant for the determination of FRs in PC and PC/ABS blends, even in the case of calibration of k values with PC standards. Standard errors of 5 % were achieved for Br, P, S and K, and 20% for Cl and F the latter element could not be determined by means of UniQuant (Table 8.44). GFR PC cannot be quantified with these two methods, because of the heterogeneous nature of the composites. Other difficult matrices for XRF analysis are PBT, PS and PP compounds containing both BFRs and Sb203 (10-30wt %) due to self-absorption of Sb and interelement effects. 

Computer scientists usually define AI in terms of what it can accomplish. They are especially interested in the creation of intelligent software that can reproduce the kind of behavior that humans would recognize as intelligent, such as understanding language or conducting a conversation. 

Expert systems appear in some ways to be the "classic" application of Artificial Intelligence. An expert system is a kind of personal advisor that engages the user in a conversation with the aim of providing help on a specialist topic. In sophisticated systems, the interaction between the expert system (ES) software and the user may be so natural that the user almost forgets that it is a computer rather than a human that is holding up the other end of the conversation. As developers of an ES usually do their best to create software that can participate in "intelligent" conversations, in order to enhance the user s confidence in the system, expert systems can seem the most human and friendly side of AI. 

Although the user interface just acts as the messenger for the interpreter, sound and logical design of the interface is crucial in giving the user confidence in the system. The user interface employs a conversational format, so the interpreter and user interface must between them have some knowledge about how information should be presented to humans. In the most effective expert systems, the interactions between software and user take into account the level of expertise of the user. 

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