1949 conventions common articles

Whilst on the one hand AP II grants more protection to civilians by means of the provision of assistance (discussed below) in circumstances when its threshold is met, on the other hand not as many states are party to the Protocol as to the Geneva Conventions, nor does it have customary status like Common Article 3. However, in the well-known Tadic-judgment, the ICTY concluded that once its threshold is met, AP II should not be restricted to the actual hostilities nor should it be limited geographically in scope. With regard to the provision of humanitarian assistance, it can then be concluded that once the threshold set by AP II regarding a NIAC is met, all people affected by the conflict are to be protected by the provisions of AP II, for the purposes of the delivery of humanitarian aid. 

The Commentary to common Article 3 argues that it should be widely apphcable, submitting potential (non-exhaustive) circumstances that may indeed fall within this scope Commentary Geneva Convention IV (1958), pp. 35-36. 

Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions merely calls upon the humane treatment of those caught in the conflict by all involved parties. By referring explicitly to all parties, Common Article 3 makes it absolutely clear that this obligation also rests upon armed groups. This assertion has been affirmed on numerous occasions by the Security Council as it calls upon armed groups to abide by their duties under humanitarian law. ... 

As mentioned above, the Convention mirrors common Articles 2 and 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and applies to international armed conflicts (including cases... 

In the same month, Ivan Radivojevic was convicted of war crimes against the civilian popnlation for offenses committed in Kosovo on March 26, 1999 pursuant to Articles 22 and 142 of the Criminal Code of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (CC SFRY), in conjunction with Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Articles 4 and 5(1) of Additional Protocol II. Radivojevi6 was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. ... 

In this chapter, we present the principles of conventional Mossbauer spectrometers with radioactive isotopes as the light source Mossbauer experiments with synchrotron radiation are discussed in Chap. 9 including technical principles. Since complete spectrometers, suitable for virtually all the common isotopes, have been commercially available for many years, we refrain from presenting technical details like electronic circuits. We are concerned here with the functional components of a spectrometer, their interaction and synchronization, the different operation modes and proper tuning of the instrument. We discuss the properties of radioactive y-sources to understand the requirements of an efficient y-counting system, and finally we deal with sample preparation and the optimization of Mossbauer absorbers. For further reading on spectrometers and their technical details, we refer to the review articles [1-3]. 

Editors footnote The convention adopted in polymer chemistry (21)—t for bond angle, 6 for torsion angle—will be used in this article. It is opposite to the usage commonly adopted by crys-tallographers and others in the description of small molecules. 

When used properly, such words and phrases contribute to the flow of the written passage. Of course, their use is not confined to the Introduction section of a journal article (although all the examples here come from Introductions). When used appropriately, and in the right places, such words and phrases add cohesiveness to a journal article as a whole. A list of useful phrases, organized by their common functions, is presented in table 6.6. Many, but not all, of these phrases are conventionally followed by commas when they start a sentence. 

The title also has an organizational structure. After analyzing more than 300 titles of chemistry journal articles, we found that titles commonly follow an X of Y by Z pattern (table 7.1). In essence, X, Y, and Z are three moves linked together by common words (e.g., of or by). Y describes what was studied X and Z modify or extend Y in some way. Y is required X and Z are optional, but typically at least X or Z is present. Of course, this pattern illustrates only a conventional way to construct a journal article title countless variations are possible. 

In the first volume of Advances in Quantum Chemistry [1] I published an article called Spin-Free Quantum Chemistry. Since then I have broadened this concept considerably and have changed the name of the subject to "freeon dynamics". The word "freeon1 means "free-of-spin" and not the common refrigerant. Freeon dynamics is a viable alternative (for light atoms and for molecules with light atoms) to the more-conventional fermion dynamics. The raison d etre for freeon dynamics is that it is conceptually and computationally simpler than fermion dynamics and so is consistent with Ockham s razor ... 

The earlier international agreements do not oppose the development of common law regarding the use of reprisals. In particular, Article 50 of the Hague Land Warfare Convention dealt only with collective punishment, but not with reprisals and not with hostage-taking.75... 

Many dozens of herbal supplements are available to be purchased over-the-counter. Discussion of all these herbal supplements is beyond the scope of this article. Listed below is a brief discussion of each of the more commonly available and used supplements, including highlights of known active constituents, pharmacology, dosing, supporting clinical literature, adverse effects, and interactions with conventional medications. The known and potential drug-herb interactions are summarized in Table... 

The name sialic acid" has been given to the several nonulosaminic acids isolated from the submaxillary mucoproteins, although the chemical composition of these varies with the species source. Svennerholm has proposed that the name sialic acid be restricted to the basic structure common to all these various sialic acids thus ovine sialic acid" would be designated Af-acetylsialic acid. However since this basal component, here termed sialic acid, is identical with neuraminic acid, it would seem more appropriate to adopt the name neuraminic acid for the parent add and to retain the name sialic acid to denote the various mono- and di-acyl neuraminic acids of natural occurrence in mucoproteins, regardless of their source. This is the convention which has been used in referring to the various nonulosaminic acids in Table I and thoughout this article. ... 

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