Conventional pumping systems

FIGURE 1.4 Schematic of a typical nanoscale LC-MS interface system. A precolumn flow splitter is used to reduce to flow rate of a conventional pumping system to the 100-500 nL/min. The voltage for ESI is applied on the high-pressure distal side of the column using a junction electrical contact. 

The production unit has been implemented at DSM into a standard industrial production facility, connected with conventional pumping systems and plant utilities. The total flow processed by the production unit was approximately... 

Conventional Flare System - The majority of pressure relief valve discharges which must be routed to a closed system are manifolded into a conventional blowdown drum and flare system. The blowdown drum serves to separate liquid and vapor so that the vapor portion can be safely flared, and the separated liquid is pumped to appropriate disposal facilities. The blowdown drum may be of the condensible or noncondensible type, according to the characteristics of the streams entering the system. Selection criteria, as well as the design basis for each type of blowdown drum, are detailed later in this volume. The design of flares, including seal drums and other means of flashback protection, is described later. 

Mud Drilling. The conventional drillsite includes mud pits, mud cleaning equipment, water storage, mud storage, pumps and mixing facilities. Often the reserve pit associated with the conventional mud system is as large as the leveled... 

Sampling artifacts. The use of in situ pumps to collect water samples for " Th analysis permits simultaneous collection (and separation) of different particle fractions as well as dissolved Th. As pumping systems have been modified to permit determination of POC on the pump filters, it became possible to compare POC determined from the pump samples with conventional POC determinations made on small volume samples (0.5 - 2 L) taken from hydrocasts. The JGOFS data from multiple studies show large discrepancies between these two sample collection methods, with pump POC values 3 to 100 times lower than bottle POC values. Possible artifacts with each approach have been identified. For example Moran et al. (1999) have suggested that DOC is adsorbed onto... 

This is a conventional water loop heat pump system using a boiler and cooling tower to maintain the water loop temperature (see Measures S15-S17 in Section 6.2). Since outside air handling unit and other terminal devices like unit heaters, wall fin convectors, etc which are often used with this water loop heat pump system need a different operating water temperature than that of the water loop, a plate heat exchanger is used between the primary heating circuit... 

Figure 15. Conventional water loop heat pump system...

Figure 16. Conventional water loop heat pump system with fresh air heating by water-to-air heat pump...

A conventional pump-and-treat extraction system is typically designed to recover only ground-water. Integrated or separate systems have also been used to capture free product or contaminated vapor concurrently with groundwater. More detailed information relevant to the application of pump-and-treat at sites contaminated with MTBE and other oxygenates and in general is available in the literature.88-90... 

Cohen, R.M., Mercer, J.W., and Greenwald, R.M., EPA Groundwater Issue, Design Guidelines for Conventional Pump-and-Treat Systems, EPA 540/S-97/504, September. Available at www.epa.gov/ada/ issue.html, 1998. 

The major difference in supercritical fluid chromatography and conventional LC equipment is the pumping systems as well as the safety features installed to maintain higher pressure. Unique SFC equipment differences are ... 

In actual installations these systems have been shown to use about 45 to 50% of the electricity consumed in a similar house with conventional electric resistance heating. It is more efficient than a conventional air-to-air heat pump system, since the heat source is maintained at a constant, known temperature. In moderate cold climates with 6,000 degree-days, an ACEs uses about 25% less electricity than a conventional heat pump with... 

The instruments for polymer HPLC except for the columns (Section 16.8.1) and for some detectors are in principle the same as for the HPLC of small molecules. Due to sensitivity of particular detectors to the pressure variations (Section 16.9.1) the pumping systems should be equipped with the efficient dampeners to suppress the rest pulsation of pressure and flow rate of mobile phase. In most methods of polymer HPLC, and especially in SEC, the retention volume of sample (fraction) is the parameter of the same importance as the sample concentration. The conventional volumeters— siphons, drop counters, heat pulse counters—do not exhibit necessary robustness and precision [270]. Therefore the timescale is utilized and the eluent flow rate has to be very constant even when rather viscous samples are introduced into column. The problems with the constant eluent flow rate may be caused by the poor resettability of some pumping systems. Therefore, it is advisable to carefully check the actual flow rate after each restarting of instrument and in the course of the long-time experiments. A continuous operation— 24h a day and 7 days a week—is advisable for the high-precision SEC measurements. THE or other eluent is continuously distilled and recycled. 

---