Contraction measurement

Troponin is a regulator of striated muscle contraction. Measurements of troponin I levels are routinely used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. In addition, mutations in the troponin I subunit are associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. 

Isolated aorta strips, 0.00014 pg NaCN/L-140 pg/L Small contractions measured at lowest dose tested, ED50 at 70 pg/L, and maximum response at 140 pg/L. Higher doses up to 14 mg/L produced relaxation 21... 

Using a standardized method for eliciting flexion (electrical stimulation of the base of the hindpaw) and a quantifiable method of contraction measurement (force transducer attached to the hindpaw), Nozaki et al. (136,137) found that LSD (10 Mg/kg) and tryptamine both increased the flexor reflex in acutely spinalized rats. Both these effects were blocked by pretreatment with the 5-HT antagonist cyproheptadine. A similar LSD effect was reported in spinal cats (118). 

The effect in an anesthetized dog of the injection of epinephrine before and after propranolol. In the presence of a B-receptor-blocking agent, epinephrine no longer augments the force of contraction (measured by a strain gauge attached to the ventricular wall) nor increases cardiac rate. Blood pressure is still elevated by epinephrine because vasoconstriction is not blocked. 

From LEED experiments it is concluded that the surface layers of Cu, Ni, and Al(llO) are significantly contracted. Measurement of surface relaxation on Pt(lll) using the channelling technique indicated a massive outward extension of 14%... 

Since the determination of LC20 phosphate content varies among laboratories by two- to threefold, one cannot establish a stoichiometry of the phosphorylation in either the initial or steady state of contraction. Measurements in this laboratory with arterial and uterine muscles, which produced maximal stress and phosphorylation, suggest that both myosin heads are phosphorylated in the initial and one head in the sustained phase of contraction. The other extreme, contraction without phosphorylation, does not occur in our experience. 

It should be noted that in the case of fibre symmetry (in which there are only 5 independent creep functions) tensile creep measurements on specimens cut at only three angles to the fibre axis (say 0°, 45° and 90°) will give three independent combinations of the five, say S22it [2S23(t)+S44(t)] and SssU). Whilst if lateral contraction measurements are also carried out during creep then all 5 functions, including the... 

It should be noted that S23 is the compliance relating a strain along the Oy direction to a stress along the Oz direction whilst S32 relates a strain along Oz to a stress along Oy. These two quantities may therefore be obtained in separate experiments on the same material by lateral contraction measurements (width) on samples cut at 0° and 90° to the fibre axis. Similarly 5i3 and 5i2 may be obtained separately firom lateral contraction measurements (thickness) on those two specimens. 

In all cases of measurement, it is important that all the parties agree on the methods of determination before the performance test. This subject should be addressed in the supply contract. Measurement errors are usually to the benefit of the supplier. It is important to understand and agree on the accuracy of the measurements to be applied. 

A target level of "allowable delay" is set for each of the contract measures. If the actual delay exceeds the target then the IMU is penalised. On the other hand if the target delay level is beaten then a bonus is payable. 

This type of contract requires the operator to pay a fixed amount to the contractor upon completion of the well, while the contractor furnishes all the material and labour and handles the drilling operations independently. The difficulty with this approach Is to ensure that a quality well Is delivered to the company since the drilling contractor will want to drill as quickly and cheaply as possible. The contractor therefore should guarantee an agreed measurable quality standard for each well. The guarantee should specify remedial actions which will be implemented should a substandard well be delivered. 

Measured in MJ/m or Btu/ft, the Wobbe Index has an advantage over the calorific value of a gas (the heating value per unit volume or weight), which varies with the density of the gas. The Wobbe Index Is commonly specified in gas contracts as a guarantee of product quality. A customer usually requires a product whose Wobbe Index lies within a narrow range, since a burner will need adjustment to a different fuel air ratio if the fuel quality varies significantly. A sudden increase in heating value of the feed can cause a flame-out. 

This section gives a listing of some basis sets and some notes on when each is used. The number of primitives is listed as a simplistic measure of basis set accuracy (bigger is always slower and usually more accurate). The contraction scheme is also important since it determines the basis set flexibility. Even two basis sets with the same number of primitives and the same contraction scheme are not completely equivalent since the numerical values of the exponents and contraction coefficients determine how well the basis describes the wave function. 

In discussing Fig. 4.1 we noted that the apparent location of Tg is dependent on the time allowed for the specific volume measurements. Volume contractions occur for a long time below Tg The lower the temperature, the longer it takes to reach an equilibrium volume. It is the equilibrium volume which should be used in the representation summarized by Fig. 4.15. In actual practice, what is often done is to allow a convenient and standardized time between changing the temperature and reading the volume. Instead of directly tackling the rate of collapse of free volume, we shall approach this subject empirically, using a property which we have previously described in terms of free volume, namely, viscosity. 

A constant temperature is required for close-tolerance measuring, gauging, machining, or grinding operations, to prevent expansion and contraction of machine parts, machined products, and measuring devices. In this instance a constant temperature is normally more important than the temperature level. Relative humidity is secondary in importance but should not go above 45% to minimise formation of a surface moisture film. 

The use of mutant 34486 of Neurospora crassa for the microbiological assay of ch oline has been described (8). A physiological method has also been used in which the ch oline is extracted after hydrolysis from a sample of biological material and acetylated. The acetylcholine is then assayed by a kymographic procedure, in which its effect in causing contraction of a piece of isolated rabbit intestine is measured (33). 

The amount of retained earnings shown on a balance sheet should not be taken as a measure of the amount of future dividends that the company is hkely to pay. A contract may exist that specifies a minimum balance of retained earnings, which is then not available for dividends until bonds issued by the company have been retired. 

A toller may need to use resources outside their company to measure physical properties, conduct safety or other testing, engineer changes to piping or other facilities and equipment. This need frequently occurs for products in the initial development or commercialization stage. The toller should maintain confidentiality agreements with their suppliers and subcontractors commensurate with the proprietary nature of their client companies processes. Provision to allow disclosure of information to third parties should be addressed in the contract between the toller and the client. It may be structured so that the client must approve the toller s release of information to third parties. 

---