Flexor reflexes

Using a standardized method for eliciting flexion (electrical stimulation of the base of the hindpaw) and a quantifiable method of contraction measurement (force transducer attached to the hindpaw), Nozaki et al. (136,137) found that LSD (10 Mg/kg) and tryptamine both increased the flexor reflex in acutely spinalized rats. Both these effects were blocked by pretreatment with the 5-HT antagonist cyproheptadine. A similar LSD effect was reported in spinal cats (118). 

Nozaki, M., Bell, J. A., Vaupel, D. B., and Martin, W. R. (1977) Responses of the flexor reflex to LSD, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, methoxamine, and d-amphetamine in acute and chronic spinal rats. Psychopharmacology, 55 13-16. 

Palider, W., and Rawlow, A. (1977) Effect of serotonin uptake blocking agents on the flexor reflex of hind limb of the spinal rat. Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm., 29 367-376. 

Maj, J., Palider, W and Baran, L. (1976) The effects of serotonergic and antiserotonergic drugs on the flexor reflex of the spinal rat A proposed model to evaluate the action on the central serotonin receptor. J Neural Transm., 38 131-147. 

Further investigations on the site of action of clonidine in the spinal cord have been performed by AN-DfiN and coworkers (19). Injection of dopa caused in rats an intensified polysynaptic flexor reflex of the... 

Recent experiments carried out by BOLME and coworkers (39) now raise the question of whether the receptors involved in reducing blood pressure are epinephrine receptors or noradrenaline receptors. These workers found that in rats small doses of yohimbine and piper-oxan blocked the blood pressure lowering effect of clonidine, but did not influence the clonidine-induced increase in flexor reflex activity. This effect on the reflex mechanism is possibly mediated by noradrenaline receptors which can be blocked only by higher doses of a-adrenolytic agents. HtfKFELT et al. (40) consider that epinephrine terminals possibly innervate noradrenaline cell bodies at the locus coeruleus. 

Ketazocine Miosis, strong sedation, inhibition of flexor reflex K-receptor... 

Kang, Y.-M., Zhang, Z.-H., Yang, S.-W., Qiao, J.-T., Dafny, N. ATP-sensitive 1C channels are involved in the mediation of intrathecal norepinephrine- or morphine-induced antinociception at the spinal level a study using EMG planimetry of flexor reflex in rats, Brain Research Bulletin 1998a, 45, 269-273. 

Bara-JimenezW, Aksu M, Graham B, Sato S, Hallett M (2000) Periodic limb movements in sleep state-dependent excitability of the spinal flexor reflex. Neurology 54 1609—1616... 

As already mentioned, oxidation of C-l methylene of cyclazocine to carbonyl abolishes the antagonist but retains the agonist actions of the parent compound (p. 423). The behavioral and pharmacological effects of the oxidized product ketazocine 26a in the chronic spinal dog were subsequently compared with those of morphine by Martin, and as a result of differences observed, he dubbed the two compounds k- and /a-agonists, respectively.(106) Thus, while morphine induced analgesia, meiosis, bradycardia, hypothermia, and indifference to environmental stimuli, ketazocine produced meiosis, general sedation, and depression of flexor reflexes but did not alter the skin twitch reflex or pulse rates. 

Dletlqrlamlnoethyl benzllate had no significant effect on the knee-jerk or flexor reflex In the eat (212) when Injected into curarlzed cats. It altered the predominant frequency of the EE6 from 40 per second to 8-lS per second and Induced enlarged discharges. The changes In the potentials recorded from the brain were seen in records from both cortical and subcortical regions. Electric arousal consequent to peripheral or thalamic stimulation of cerebral afferent fibers was blocked by dlectqrlamlnoetlqrl benzllate, but recruitment of cortical neurons by stimulation of the thalamus was not affected. 

Cao CQ, Hong YG, Dray A, Perkins MN (2001) Spinal 5 opioid receptors mediate suppression of systemic SNC80 on excitability of the flexor reflex in normal and inflamed rat. Eur J Pharmacol 418 79-87... 

Larson B, Miller S, Oscarsson O (1969b) A spinocerebellar climbing fibre path activated by the flexor reflex afferents from all four limbs, J. Physiol., 203, 641-649. 

K Ketocyclazocine Miosis, flexor reflex depression, sedation, no change in pulse rate... 

Alkaloid Contraction of guinea pig ileum Pressor action in pithed rat Release of catecholamines from cat adrenal Contraction of frog rectus Blockade of contraction of diaphragm Inhibition of cat knee jerk Inhibition of cat flexor reflex Inhibition of chick flexor reflex Inhibition of chick crossed extensor reflex... 

Visual test approach response Visual test visual placing Somatosensory tests touch response Auditory test click response Nociceptive test tail/toe pinch Nociceptive test flexor reflex Proprioceptive positioning test Olfactory test... 

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