Continous flow rate

This method was similar to that used by Hiteshue et al (3). In this method sand (50 g, mesh 0.42 - 0.15 mm) was mixed with the coal (25 g, mesh 0.5 - 0.25 mm). The addition of sand to the coal helped to prevent agglomeration (4). All the experiments used an aqueous solution of stannous chloride impregnated on the coal as a catalyst. The amount of catalyst added on a tin basis was 1% of the mass of the coal. These mixtures were placed in a hot-rod reactor and heated to 500°C at a heating rate of 200°C per minute. Residence time at temperature was 15 minutes. Hydrogen at a flow rate of 22 liters/minute and a pressure of 25 MPa was continously passed through the fixed bed of coal/sand/catalyst. The volatile products were collected in high-pressure cold traps. A schematic of the apparatus used is shown in Figure 2. 

Sucrose (1 M concentration) is hydrolyzed with a conversion degree of 98% by invertase immobihzed in a porous support with a bead size of 3 mm in a continous operation with a flow rate of 5 l.min ... 

A lipase from Rhizomucor miehei is immobilized onto a porous polyamide support with a bead diameter of 0.3 mm and used for the hydrolysis of 100 mM caprylin at pH 7.0 and 30°C, in a continous plug flow reactor. Calculate the amount of immobilized lipase needed to achieve a conversion degree of 97% with an inlet flow rate of 1 l.min ... 

A Chromobacterium viscosum lipase is microencapsulated in AOT reversed micelles in isooctane with a Wo=24 and used in the controlled hydrolysis of 50 mM triolein at pH 7.0 and 35°C, in a continous stirred membrane reactor, with a flow rate of 1 l.min 1 Design the reactor in order to achieve 95% of conversion. 

Fig. 23 shows the obtained v(AP) dependencies for the solution-air system in methylated quartz capillary, r = 5.25 pm. Positive values of flow rates, v > 0, characterize the advancing motion of the meniscus and negative ones relate to its receding motion. The results are shown by black points for the capillary nonequilibrated previously with the D-8 solution. Intersection of the contin-... 

Brine Resaturation. In older plants, the open vessels or pits used for storing the salt are also used as resaturators. The depleted brine from the cells is sprayed onto the salt and is saturated, the NaCl concentration reaching 310 - 315 g/L. Modern resaturators are closed vessels, to reduce environmental pollution [49], which could otherwise occur by the emission of a salt spray or mist. The weak brine is fed in at the base of the resaturator, and the saturated brine is drawn off at the top. If the flow rates of the brine and the continously added salt are chosen carefully, the differing dissolution rates of NaCl and CaS04 result in little calcium sulfate dissolving within the saturator [50]. Organic additives also reduce the dissolution rate of calcium sulfate [51]. The solubility (g per 100 g of H2O) of NaCl in water does not increase much with temperature (t, °C), whereas the solubility of KCl does ... 

Table 4 shows the flux of main heavy metals and nutritious elements for 32 rivers (R-Flux) and Chinese continent (T-Flux) flowing into the sea. Furthermore, it shows the average ratio of SPM and dissolved forms (SPM-rate and Water-rate) when rivers reach to shallow sea. From it, variation of flux is very large among different elements, flux of major elements like as Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na can get to a few or decades million tons, while trace elements including Cd and Hg have only decades to one hundred tons. In the same boat, transport forms of different elements vary largely too. Ratio of dissolved form for Ca, K, Mg and Na when river water migrates to sea takes up over 90%, while for Fe and Pb SPM form takes up domination. 

To prevent accummulation of ammonium ions in consumption fish production ponds the water must be refreshed continously at a rather high rate. One process to remove the ammonium ions is the use of immobilized bacteria in porous particles with a particle size of 2 mm. Calculate the size of the plug flow reactor with a bed porosity of 0.5 by which 1 m of pond water can be treated per minute. 

The rising importance of Africa, primarily West and Central Africa, as a transit zone for cocaine shipments destined for European markets is becoming increasingly evident. However, seizures made in Africa (0.3 per cent of global cocaine seizures in 2005) remain very modest in comparison to the continents potential scale of trafficking flows. The low seizure rates mainly reflect economic and institutional weakness in the region. 

If the gases flow continously out, as in the case of a rocket motor, the pressure remains almost constant throughout the combustion period. The linear burning rate and its variation with the temperature and pressure may be determined in a Crawford Bomb. The temperature coefficient of the burning rate is the variation per degree of temperature increase at constant pressure. The dependance on pressure is characterized by the pressure exponent (see above). 

Abbott, D. H. Hoffman, S. E. 1984. Archean plate tectonics revisited 1, Heat flow, spreading rate and the age of subducting lithosphere and their effects on the origin and evolution of continents. Tectonics, 3, 429-448. 

Heat flow data provide important constraints on mantle models. For example, combined with the heat producing element content of crust and mantle rocks, and the physical properties of mantle minerals, they can be used to constrain the nature of thermal convection in the mantle. In addition, variations in the mantle contribution to crustal heat flow between the continents and oceans have been used to make inferences about the nature of the different types of mantle underlying continental crust and oceanic crust (Section 3.1.2 and Chapter 4, Section 4.3.1.2). Furthermore, heat flow data, combined with bathymetric measurements, rates of sea-floor subsidence, and the depth of seismic discontinuities are all a function of mantle temperature and can be used to estimate relative, lateral variations in mantle temperature (Anderson, 2000). 

A fraction of the total runoff from the continents to oceans passes through freshwater lakes. From the data on global volume, surface and drainage basin area, and mean water residence time for freshwater lakes, a mean linear rate of flow through lakes is... 

The preceding discussion brackets the linear rates of water flow from continents to oceans within an order of magnitude at 10o o-5 m yr", with the global mean runoff at the lower end of the range. 

The samples were pre-calcinated at 550°C (6 h) with a heating rate of l°C.min-l in a quartz cell in a flow (200 ml.min-l) of dry N2-O2 mixture. After cooling to 100°C, the zeolite was saturated during 6 h with a dry CO2 stream (12 ml.min-1) at atmospheric pressure. A flow of dry N2 (9.8 ml.min l) filtered on a cartridge (% H2O<0.4 ppm) was then admitted. After temperature equilibration of the system, the zeolite sample was heated at a rate of 3°C /min, in steps of 50°C. At each step temperature, the catalyst was maintained during 2 h. llie desorbed CO2 was collected under a nitrogen flow in a NaOH solution thermostatized at 25°C. The amounts of evolved CO2 were determined by titration continously performed by conductimetry using a conductivity cell (Schott LF 3100 Pt, K=1.0), connected to a Consort K 320 conductimeter. 

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