Content research needed

A topic linked to ethics but with its own issues and strategies is communication. The committee is convinced that communication starts with the study proposal and continues through study design. Each of the many constituencies associated with a proposed study requires careful consideration in planning communication strategy and content. Most biomonitoring studies will eventually have applications, and researchers need to anticipate potentially affected communities and plan for communication with them. 

This study of methods to determine the moisture content of humic substances has yielded no absolute values for moisture content. The loss on drying shows no end point for water loss and the potential interferences of the Karl Fischer titration prevent definition of absolute values. Certainly, additional research needs to be done in this area. For example, techniques such as NMR and IR might be utilized to define and correlate the moisture status of these substances. In many cases it is sufficient to have a reference point to bring these substances to for comparison purposes. Based on Figure 1, loss on drying at 60°C should be the most consistent reference point, however, the interlaboratory study results showed very poor agreement. Based on this limited study we conclude that the Karl Fischer method gives more consistent results on these samples. 

Contents Indude properties of fluids and media DNAPL transport, site characterization, end site identification and investigation implications nontnvadve and invasive characterization methods laboratory measurements case studies and research needs. 

The main disadvantage of the technique is that a minimum protein concentration of 3-5 mg/ml is needed to obtain quality spectra of proteins in H2O solutions. The absolute mass of protein needed is not great because usually less than 50 pi of solution is required to load the sample cell. If solubility is limited, then the protein can be studied at much lower concentrations (around 1 mg/ml) in D2O. However, the researcher must then be aware of the potential difficulties of data interpretation due to the direet effeets of H-D exchange on the vibrational frequencies of amide I eomponent bands (see [11,56]). In some cases, deuteration of the protein makes assignment of bands to different secondary structural types uneertain. This can be a problem if quantitation of seeondary struetural content is needed. However, if all that is required is a global eomparison between a spectrum for an aqueous control sample and that for... 

At present the real strength of LA lies in the measurement of distribution patterns of minor and trace elements in solid samples with high spatial resolution. Homogeneity testing is an application of LA-ICP-MS. There is an increasing demand for the development and validation of accurate and robust analytical technologies for the determination of the chemical characteristics of polymeric products in support of industrial needs, EC regulations (e.g. Directive on toy safety) or research. Needs are particularly acute for techniques able to determine trace element contents in solids with a minimum sample preparation. For this purpose, laser ablation-based methods, such as LA-ICP-AES/MS and laser-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (LIP-AES, LA-AES or LIBS) have already... 

Sappington KG (2002) Development of aquatic life criteria for selenium a regulatory perspective on critical issues and research needs. Aquat Toxicol 57 101-113 Schubert A, Holden JM, Wolf WR (1987) Selenitrm content of a core group of foods based on a critical evaluation of published analytical data. J Am Diet Assoc 87 285-299 Shanker AK (2006) Countering UV-B stress in plants does selenium have a role Plant Soil 282 21-26... 

This, then, was the scene in which SCP projects were planned in Europe. The need for alternative foods and feedstuffs was clear and, in the UK and elsewhere, oil and gas seemed a plentiful and cheap resource from which to produce them. North Sea gas fields were being exploited and research had shown that natural gas or its derivatives could be used to produce SCP feed of superior protein content to conventional feedstuffs. The economics of such processes seemed very promising. In 1971 the European prices for fish meal and soya meal were 200 and 100 per ton respectively. In 1973 oil price rises and a failure in the Peruvian fish meal supply pushed these prices up to 550 and 300 respectively. With such prices for the major feedstuffs it was considered that SCP feeds could be produced competitively. 

Many of the waste streams from U.S. process industries are water containing small quantities of metal ions that the law requires be removed before the wastewater is disposed of There is an economic incentive to recoup at least some of the cost of wastewater treatment by recovering and selling the metal content instead of merely disposing of the metals as sludge. Because the waste streams are dilute in desired materials, research is needed to devise efficient extraction and separation processes. 

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