Containment full scale example

Since both the direct and phased approaches offer, at least in principle, equal promise for ultimate success (i.e., comprehensiveness and complete characterization), it is worthwhile to examine their relative resource requirements. Several studies were conducted with the objective of comparing the costs of direct and phased (with elimination of low priority streams) sampling and analysis approaches. (2,3] A number of processes were evaluated during these studies and the results for two unit operations — a limestone wet scrubber and full-scale low-Btu coal gasifier — are taken as examples. The scrubber involved seven feed or waste stream sampling sites. The gasifier contained 70 identifiable stream sampling points. The total estimated costs for both processes by both approaches are shown in Table I. 

In full-scale applications very fast corrosion (formation of holes over the course of weeks, especially at improper welds) has been observed in off-gas piping, even when made from stainless steel. The problem is most evident when aerosols, for example containing chloride, escape from the reactor into the pipes where they form a very corrosive wet film. But corrosion may also occur in stainless steel pilot or full-scale reactors, especially when treating waste waters. Such reactors are best made of stainless steel because of the possibility to operate them at elevated pressures, e. g. 200-600 kPa, which can readily be achieved with commercially available ozone generators (Masschelein, 1994). 

Possiblities of explosive gas mixtures exist. In full-scale ground or waste water applications for example, volatile organic compounds could be contained in the off gas. These compounds escape from the reactor due to comparatively high temperatures and... 

However, not every environmental project requires a comprehensive and elaborate planning document. Usually the contents and the format of the SAP are determined by such factors as contractual requirements, regulatory agency oversight, or by financial constraints. A smaller document that contains the most essential SAP elements in combination with the Laboratory QA Manual may be as functional as a full-scale SAP. Appendix 7 presents an example of a SAP table of contents. A SAP prepared in this format is a very effective document that communicates the information essential for project implementation and assessment phases without being overloaded with information available from other sources. 

Chapter 9 contains a manual for a series of computer codes based upon the theory presented in the first 8 chapters of the book. With the programmes and the examples given there the user should be able to perform full-scale self-consistent calculations of his own. Finally, the book contains a table of self-consistent potential parameters which together with the LMTO programme will allow the user to reproduce the self-consistent energy bands of 61 metals at normal volume. 

The majority of applications of crystal population balance modeling have assumed that the solution and suspension in the crystallizer are homogeneous, i.e., the Mixed-Suspension Mixed-Product Removal (MSMPR) approximation (Randolph and Larson 1988). (This is simply the analog of the Continuous Stirred Tank (CSTR) (Levenspiel 1972) approximation for systems containing particles. It means that the system is well mixed from the standpoint of the solute concentration and the particle concentration and PSD. In addition, the effluent is assumed to have the same solute concentration, particle concentration, and PSD as the tank.) This approximation is clearly not justified when there is significant inhomogeneity in the crystallizer solution and suspension properties. For example, it is well known that nucleation kinetics measured at laboratory scale do not scale well to full scale. It is very likely that the reason they do not is because MSMPR models used to define the kinetic parameters may apply fairly well to relatively uniform laboratory crystallizers, but do considerably worse for full scale, relatively nonhomogeneous crystallizers. 

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