Scale examples

A search for stacked erosion surfaces became the centerpiece of work by King (1967), who compiled spectacular continental-scale examples from South America, Africa, India, and Australia. In a sense, these surfaces are rather like super-terraces, occurring within a narrow... 

It should therefore not be surprising that for relatively small-scale operations involving solids handling within the fine and intermediate chemicals industry, batch operation is preferred. Similarly, continuous processes that involve precipitation or crystallization, a common unit operation in fine chemicals, are rare. Small-scale examples are known, for instance, a continuous crystallization process was used by Bristol-Myres Squibb in order to improve dissolution rates and bioavailability of the product [12]. The above does indicate that not all process or parts thereof are suited for conversion from B2C, given the current technology. 

Scheme 7.4 Pilot scale example of a photochemical bromination...

A larger scale example is the involvement of the cement industry in the growing field of industrial ecology. This takes the idea of an ecosystem with its many intersecting loops of materials and energy and applies it to industrial systems. Why use virgin raw materials and take them through a linear system to produce waste, when an imused material from one industry can be a feedstock for another ... 

When we used asymmetric nucleophilic addition of malonate to the Mo tt-allyl complex in our first delivery, the Mo chemistry was not so clearly understood, and our application would be the first large scale example, to the best of our knowledge. Initially our contributions to Mo chemistry were two-fold (i) replacement of non-commercially available (EtCN)3Mo(CO)3 or (C7H8)Mo(CO)3 by more stable and inexpensive Mo(CO)6 by incorporation of proper pre-activating time (ii) simplified preparation of the chiral ligand. Even after we completed the project, we still had a strong interest in Mo chemistry. 

Fields of Application. In SAXS a calibration to absolute intensity is required if extrapolated or integrated numerical values must be compared on an absolute scale. Examples are the determination of density fluctuations or the density difference between matrix and domains as a function of materials composition. 

The second approach assigns thermal resistance to a gaseous boundary layer at the heat transfer surface. The enhancement of heat transfer found in fluidized beds is then attributed to the scouring action of solid particles on the gas film, decreasing the effective film thickness. The early works of Leva et al. (1949), Dow and Jacob (1951), and Levenspiel and Walton (1954) utilized this approach. Models following this approach generally attempt to correlate a heat transfer Nusselt number in terms of the fluid Prandtl number and a modified Reynolds number with either the particle diameter or the tube diameter as the characteristic length scale. Examples are ... 

Certain lead(II) complexes were shown to display reversible redox behavior on the CV scale. Examples are Pb(II) complexes of 2(o-hydroxyphenyliminomethyl)-pyrrole and 2(o-hydroxyphenyliminomethyl)-thiophene. Their stability constants were also determined by polarography140. Anodic exchange reactions of extracted metal chelates were carried out with 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioic acid in isobutyl methyl ketone141. 

There are a lot of further innovative cell constructions in the literature that may also be suitable for electroorganic syntheses, from laboratory up to industrial scale. Examples are rotating electrodes, application of ultrasound, and packed or fluidized particle bed three-dimensional electrodes for increasing the active electrode area and enhancing the mass transfer. A short overview is given, for example, in [1,2]. 

There are two main types of quantitative data discrete and continuous. Discrete quantitative data usually come about by the counting of numbers of events. Examples of this form of data are the number of asthma attacks, the numbers of rescue tablets taken, the number of relapse events, etc. There are two types of continuous quantitative data defined by, whether there is a true zero point of the scale or not. If there is such a zero point the scale is a ratio scale, otherwise it is an interval scale. Examples of the former are height, weight or volume, etc, while a typical example of the latter is temperature in which the origin is essentially arbitrary - 0°F is... 

Figure 8. Refinery test scale example. MON clear versus cut point.

In this chapter, we tackle the integration design and coordination of a multisite refinery network. The main feature of the chapter is the development of a simultaneous analysis strategy for process network integration through a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). The performance of the proposed model in this chapter is tested on several industrial-scale examples to illustrate the economic potential and trade-offs involved in the optimization of the network. 

From Isosafrole. For many years, oxidative cleavage of isosafrole was the only route applicable on an industrial scale. Examples of oxidants that give good yields of heliotropin are chromium(VI) salts, oxygen, and ozone. 

The flavor and fragrance industry has expanded so much that the plants required to supply the raw materials are now grown on a very large scale. Examples are the peppermint and spearmint plantations in the United States, the lavandin plantations in southern France and the cornmint plantations in China and India. 

The preparative-scale examples listed in Table 2 all involve the use of stoichiometric amounts of the azobenzene probases. For several Michael addition reactions ... 

Variability may be defined as reflecting fluctuations in the atmosphere, of natural origin, with both temporal and spatial scales examples are diurnal, seasonal, solar activity-related variations impulsive events such as volcano eruptions and solar proton events fluctuations linked to some peculiar meteorological conditions, for example, intense cyclonic activities and jet streams. Variability by itself is a whole program to be conducted ideally on a four-dimensional basis (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time) by space vehicles, for example, satellites or from the space shuttle. This area of research is certainly the most urgent one to be de-... 

A brief review of experience with aqueous feeds will be provided to identify lessons learned that can help expedite expansion of the membrane platform to nonaqueous feeds. The subsequent discussion focuses on large-scale examples where significant... 

This procedure is mainly applied to plastics pipes. The reason is, that these form one of the rare (but large-scale ) examples that during a long time of loading no fracture is allowed to occur. With other applications of plastics in load-bearing constructions the ultimate strength plays hardly any role, since in most cases the strain, and thus the creep, is the limiting factor. 

Low-differential-pressure membrane modules can be considered a subset of low-fouling membranes. These low-differential-pressure membrane modules typically have a thicker feed spacer. Instead of the standard 28-mil thick spacer, these low-differential-pressure membranes have 31- or 34-mil thick spacers. There is less resistance to flow through the feed channels, resulting in lower pressure drops through the membrane modules. Furthermore, the feed channels will not plug as quickly with suspended solids, foulants, or scale. Examples of low-differential-pressure membrane modules are the FilmTec BW30-400-34i (with a 34-mil feed spacer) and the Hydranautics CPA3-LD (with a 31-mil feed spacer). 

Large-scale example model of oxidative ATP synthesis... 

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