Quality requirements containers

Metallic ions can be assayed by ICP-AES or ICP-MS and by electrothermal atomization-AAS (FETA-AAS) as well as by polarographic methods. These methods assure reliable information for determination of metallic ions. For example, cadmium is analyzed in baby food with ETA-AAS with a tube and a L vov pyrolytic graphite platform.114 The results obtained for cadmium assay are then compared with the levels of a national standard. There are many standards containing quality requirements for laboratories, but the most important and widely accepted international quality standard for testing laboratories is the ISA/IEC Guide 25 1990 "General requirements for the competence of calibration and testing laboratories."32... 

Specifications, Standards, Quality Control, and Health and Safety Factors. The hardboard industry is represented by the American Hardboard Association (AHA). Specifications and standards are contained in several ANSI standards (8—11). These standards define the various hardboard product categories as well as specific product qualities required for each group. 

The quality system developed to meet the requirements of ISO/TS 16949 is likely to be a generic system, not specific to any particular product, project, or contract other than the range of products and services which your organization supplies. By implementing the policies and procedures of the documented quality system, product, project, or contract specific plans, procedures, specifications, etc. are generated. ISO 9001 contains a series of quality system requirements, not product quality requirements. For a given product, project, or contract there will be specific product, project, or contract requirements and it is these requirements to which this clause of the standard refers. 

Quality requirements are not the requirements contained in ISO/TS 16949. These are quality system requirements they apply to quality systems, not to products and services. A product cannot conform with ISO/TS 16949 as it contains no product requirements (see also Part 1 Chapter 2). 

Routine Application of Complex Theories. Technical people in the coatings and many other industries tend to shy away from theoretical approaches in their work. There are many legitimate and practical reasons for this, such as complexity of real systems, lack of comprehensive theories, inability to understand theories and the mathematics involved, and time consuming to apply theories. In many cases, it is easier, quicker and more reliable to use the experimental approach. On the other hand, if pertinent theories are computerized and the computer programs contain the required physical properties data, it becomes risk free and easy, to apply theories. We have found that computerization of theories does encourage more people to use them, thus improving both productivity and quality of technical efforts. 

Each type of technique can be applied in several modifications. Microbiological degradation processes offer the possibility to purify wastewater streams which contain a wide range of organic pollutants. In contrast, physical/chemical techniques are much more specific. The quality of the purified water regarding residual amounts of soluble organic pollutants, and colloidal and suspended particle pollutants, strongly depends on the type of treatment process and the applied treatment conditions. Very often a combination of different types of treatment techniques is necessary to satisfy the effluent quality required (for example a combination of anaerobic and aerobic treatment). 

A typical illustration of a PAT approach to quality improvement is the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to qualify excipients and active principles just before they enter the production process, for example, in dispensing. As discussed in the next part, near-infrared (NIR) spectra are informative about product structure and overall quality. Because with substances such as excipients the quality range was investigated at some time in the past and fixed into a calibration, NIR measurement can provide simultaneous nondestructive confirmation of the predominant physical and chemical parameters. This is an effective method of reducing uncertainties about possible causes of failure or poor quality during production. Each time a given excipient fails its quality requirements at the moment of use, immediate action can be taken. Control is possible before the risk of failure is increased. Such an approach is complementary to container-wise identification of materials on delivery to a warehouse. 

Measurement uncertainty is increasingly gaining attention, in particular in the framework of accreditation. The new accreditation standard ISO/IEC 17025 [17], which has been in force from December 2002 on, contains clear requirements on the estimation of MU and when and how it should be stated in test reports. ISO/IEC 17025 requires MU to be reported when required by the client and when relevant to the application and interpretation of the measurement results in the framework of certain specifications or decision limits. The MU should be readily available and reported together with the result as X U, where U is the expanded uncertainty [17, 47, 51, 54]. Also Eurachem and CCMAS within the Codex Alimentarius deal with MU as a separate issue [14,18-20]. Some even claim that MU will become the main unifying principle of analytical data quality [37]. 

The PVC Emulsion types (containing up to 2.5% emulsifier) and those containing filler require a higher pigment loading because of their opacity. Since the emulsifiers are mostly alkaline, it is recommended to use silica-encapsulated metallic pigments to ensure consistent quality of the final product. 

Geraldes and de Pinho [37] modeled NF permeate using a prepared salt solution to evaluate the feasibility of ED for the removal of chloride ions. The modeled permeates contained chloride ions from 1650 to 2250 mg/L depending on the water recovery. In that study, the quality requirements for the washing waters for pulp bleaching were 350 mg/L of NaCl and 30 PtCo units of color. The NF followed by ED met these requirements and the evaluated costs were 0.65 per m at 80% water recovery. Rapp et al. [131] reported the electrical power consumption of ED to be 0.97 kW h/kg chloride removed. 

The qualities required of a primary standard, in addition to extraordinary purity, are discussed in Section 13A-2. Primary-standard reagents have been carefully analyzed by the supplier, and the assay is printed on the container label. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is an excellent source for primary standards. This agency also provides reference standards, which are complex substances that have been exhaustively analyzed. ... 

Many plastics articles may contain a biocide, although even in the same type of product the manufacturer may decide to add or omit a biocide dependent on the quality required of the final article. This is because the use of a biocide will impact on the cost of the final article and therefore its use must provide some essential or value added component. 

A variant (BP scheme) consists in first separating the crude phenol from the acetone/ hydrocarbon combination, which is then treated separately. The phenol thus produced has a purity of about 99.8 per cent weight The 2000 ppm of ketone impurities which it contains make it often unsuitable for use in sulfooation,. chlorination and condensation with acetone (bispbenol), in line with the increasingly stringent quality requirements of commercial products. 

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