Contained recovery method

The contained recovery method is claimed to have the following advantages ... 

Carbon dioxide flooding is the most promising enhanced oil-recovery method. To overcome the tendency of CO2 to bypass the smaller pores containing residual oil, one approach is to plug the larger pores by chemical precipitation. Several relatively inexpensive water-soluble salts of the earth alkali group react with CO2 to form a precipitate. 

In summary, condensation and absorption are usually the simplest methods of VOC recovery. Recovery methods can be used in combination effectively (but at a cost). Adsorption is usually the only method capable of recovery to achieve very low concentrations of VOC. If the gas stream contains a mixture of VOCs, then the recovered liquid might not be suitable for reuse and will need to be separated by distillation or destroyed by thermal oxidation. 

Major disadvantages include the slow rate of recovery, exposure of large surface areas of flammable fluids (in open trenches), minimal containment, and odor or air quality concerns. Additionally, this recovery method does not address the treatment of dissolved hydrocarbon constituents in groundwater. 

An understanding of the phase behavior of surfactant-supercritical fluid solutions may be relevant to developing efficient secondary oil recovery methods because oil displacing fluids, such as a C02/surfactant mixture, may be supercritical at typical well conditions. In addition, the original oil in the well may contain dissolved gases such as ethane, propane, or butane, which may effect the phase behavior of the surfactant solution used to sweep out remaining oil. 

NMR samples contained 0.6 ml receptor (0.5-2.0 mM) dissolved in refolding buffer (vide supra) with 10% DjO. One-dimensional F NMR spectra were obtained at 470 mHz on a General Electric GN 500 spectrometer fitted with a 5 mm F probe. Parameters included 16K data points, 3.0 second relaxation delay and 25 Hz linebroadening for processing spectra. T, relaxation times were measured by the inversion recovery method. The two-dimensional F NOESY NMR spectrum was obtained on a Varian Unity Plus 500 using the standard Varian pulse sequence. A total of 128 experiments with a mixing time of 0.3 seconds were performed with collection of 1024 data points. Quadrature detection in the second dimension was obtained through the method of States and Haberkom. C ( H NMR spectra were obtained on a Varian 500 Unity Plus fitted with a 10 mm broadband probe. 

The term bioburden refers to the amount of microbial flora that can be detected on an item or surface or in a solution. The microbial recovery method used depends on the type of material being evaluated. Aerobic bioburden counts in parenteral solutions are obtained by conducting the total aerobic count and total yeast and molds count as specified in the USP microbial limits test (<61>) or a equivalent compendial test. Alternatively, a modified membrane filtration technique can be used to allow filtration of larger volumes of solution to assess bioburden recoveries where sample results are expected to contain a negligible number of microbial flora from the overall solution. 

Heavy oil (heavy crude oil) is more viscous than conventional crude oil and has a lower mobility in the reservoir but can be recovered through a well from the reservoir by the application of secondary or enhanced recovery methods. On the other hand, tar sand includes the several rock types that contain an extremely viscous hydrocarbonaceous material that is not recoverable in its natural state by conventional oil well production methods including currently used enhanced recovery techniques. 

The resulting filter cakes contain around 40-60% of polyether polyol. In order to improve the yield of the polyether, in some technologies the polyether is extracted with a solvent and, after the distillation of the solvent, 90-95% of the polyether retained in the filter cake is recovered. Low price solvents are used, such as n-hcxanc, hexane fractions, toluene, etc. A recovery method for polyether retained in the filter cakes, based on the extraction with PO in a closed system, was developed [57]. 

Recovery of uranium from leach liquors. Uranium may be recovered from leach liquors by precipitation, ion exchange, or solvent extraction. Precipitation with sodium hydroxide was the recovery method used in the first uranium mills. When used on sodium carbonate leach liquors, the uranium precipitate is fairly free of other metallic contaminants, because sodium carbonate dissolves few other metals beside uranium. However, when used in sulfuric acid leach liquors, the uranium precipitate contains other metals, such as iron dissolved from the ore by the add, and is no longer commercially acceptable. Consequently, in the United States, uranium mills emfdoying add leaching now follow it with selective recovery by either solvent extraction or ion exchange. These processes are described in Secs. 8.5 and 8.6, respectively. 

One method of reducing plastic volume is to educate consumers to crush their plastic bottles prior to disposal. The National Association for Plastic Container Recovery, (NAPCOR) an industry trade group which promotes plastic recycling, provides extensive media and mailing services to assist communities in educating homeowners. 

Superficially the simplest way to do this is to drown-out the reaction mass into water in order to recover product as a separate phase. This generates a ternary mixture of water/inorganic salt(s)/dipolar aprotic solvent from which it is not easy to recover quantitatively dry solvent. In the case of dimethylformamide a recovery option involving extraction with dichloromethane is available, but this is only viable for relatively concentrated aqueous solutions. Disposal to drain may be precluded in the case of nitrogen-containing solvents due to limits imposed on nitrogen levels in effluent to prevent eutrophication. Where possible the preferred recovery method is to filter off inorganics directly from the reaction mass and then recover dry solvent by distillation. 

Note that in Tables 2.8-2.10 values of the spin-lattice relaxation time are presented for each resonance. These were determined by the inversion recovery method and were utilized to insure that quantitative spectra were obtained. From the methyl carbon data (Figure 2.12(a)) we are able to estimate that PPO 4000 contains 2.2% inverted, or defect, H-H T-T units and has a number-average molcecular weight M > 5400, or DP = 93, based on the end-group resonance intensities. This may be compared with = 4000, or DP = 69, provided by the manufacturer and based on KOH hydroxyl number. 

The increasing trend of oil and gas activities in the Arctic offshore has raised major concerns about oil spills and their impacts on the Arctic s ecologically sensitive environment. To decrease the severity of such impacts, oil spill clean-up technologies are developed as passive barriers to oil spills. Various techniques are available for removal of offshore oil spills, such as in-situ burning, use of dispersants, and mechanical methods. Oil skimmers are one of the essential categories of mechanical recovery methods that generally are used in combination with containment booms (Fingas 2011, Potter et al. 2012). 

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