Replacement of Metal Parts

Polypropylene is used in battery cases and in the replacement of metal parts in automobiles. It is also widely used in consumer products, eg, kitchen wares, trays, toys, and packaging materials. Its future appHcations are expected to include an increased portion of the fibers and filaments markets, especially for continued growth in carpet backing and carpet face yams. Film, both oriented and unoriented, is also expected to be a significant growth market for polypropylene. 

Incremental increases in the amount of combustibles can eventually render the existing fire protection systems inadequate. A more subtle change is the gradual replacement of metal parts in a warehouse with plastic ones of the same size and shape. 

Nylon resin demand had grown at a rate of 9% per year from 1989 through 1999. This growth was due to the replacement of metal parts with nylon resins in under-the-hood automotive applications and other end uses. Nylon resin production dropped 5% in 2000 and an estimated 15% in 2001 as consumer spending dropped. Poor demand for nylon throughout the world in the early years of the new century has hurt the global caprolactam market. Production was scaled back and prices have declined. The supply and demand for caprolactam are summarized in Table 21.2265. 

Most of the industrialized countries of the world have invested heavily in the manufacturing (processing) of new ceramic materials, which led to the production of lower-priced ceramics with better properties. This successful development is useful, but is not good enough for the anticipated boom in the ceramic materials industry. The main problem in the use of ceramics is that machining is still very expensive. This prohibits the replacement of metal parts with ceramic parts in nearly all industries in which machined parts are used, such as the automotive, aerospace, and semiconductor industries. 

To replace metals in any applications, the cost-performance ratio of LUPOY grades must satisfy the customer specifications. Design freedom, light weighh and superior part performance are merits for the replacement of metal parts by LUPOY grades. 

Determination of scratch resistance is one of the most important aspects of tribology of materials, together with friction and wear. As discussed before [1 - 3], polymer tribology is much more difficult than that of metals. Due to the gradual replacement of metal parts by polymeric ones, the need to understand tribological behavior of polymers is increasing. 

Discuss the problems involved in replacing the metal parts of an ordinary bicycle with components made from polymers. Illustrate your answer by specific reference to the frame, wheels, transmission and bearings. 

Corrosion is the unwanted oxidation of a metal. It cuts short the lifetimes of steel products such as bridges and automobiles, and replacing corroded metal parts costs billions of dollars a year. Corrosion is an electrochemical process, and the electrochemical series is a source of insight into why corrosion occurs and how to prevent it. 

The replacement of a part of the third component M(II) in the tricomponent system by a trivalent metal cation, M(III), with ionic radius smaller... 

Discharges of Cd in the Dutch-German border decreased from 2501 in 1971 to approximately 501 in 1983. A significant part of the reduction should be affected by improvement of wastewater treatment and by partial replacement of metals in critical applications. The major decrease occurred in the dissolved phases (Forstner 1990). 

Alloying of the intermetallic compound Ni3Al results in a replacement of a part of Ni or A1 atoms by atoms of other chemical elements. Metallic elements form the substitutional solid solutions in the intermetallic compound. We have investigated the solid solutions of Mo, Mb, W, Cr, Re, Ru, Ti, and Co. All these elements are practically used for alloying of nickel-based superaUoys. 

To improve the cyclability of LiMn O in the 4-V region, many studies have been made using doped manganese-substituted spinels such as LiM n O (M = Co, Ni, Cr, Al,. ..). It has been reported that the capacity failure was suppressed by the replacement of a part of manganese with another metal ion because of the doped manganese-substituted spinels inhibited the decay of its original structure in lithium insertion/extraction process. Next we show our investigation of the LiM n O compound (M = Co, Ni, X is from 0.0 to 0.5). 

One-shot manufacturing of complex shaped parts can be considered one of the best solutions [7,8] for the fast production of composite pieces dedicated to the railway and automotive industries. Fig. 16.2(a) represents a cross stiffener made of metallic welded tubes. This chapter outlines the replacement of metallic cross stiffeners with their composite counterpart, using a one-shot manufacturing methodology. Fig. 16.2(b) and (c) describe the geometry designed to achieve a composite cross stiffener. 

A removable titanium or platinum liner for processing nonstockpile neutralents has been suggested by the SCWO technology proponent because it could withstand reactions with acidic chloride compounds found in RRS neutralents. Although the corrosion of reactor liners and the erosion of metal parts may be mitigated by periodic replacement of the liner and frequent maintenance, the associated frequency, cost, and down time will have to be determined. 

While once viewed as unsuitable for the extreme environment found near engines, plastics now are being used under the hood as replacements for metal parts. These plastics meet the requirements for strength, high temperatures, and even flame resistance needed for powertrain applications while offering the advantages of lower weight and cost, improved air flow, and corrosion resistance. 

Structural and mechanical parts located under the hood of a car, such as the engine and related parts, fuel system, cooling system, and crash members, are the focus of this section. Replacement of metals with composites has gained ground over the years due to increasing concerns regarding reduction of... 

A key driver of LCP growth has been their replacement of moulded parts previously made from metal, thermosets and other advanced thermoplastics in the electronics and telecommunication industries. The trend in these markets to miniaturization and greater precision as well as demand for more heat resistant materials has also boosted demand for LCPs. 

Corrosion is the destractive and unwanted attack of a corrosive environment on metals and alloys, and decreases the lifetime of materials used in aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing. As a result of the degradation of metal surfaces, materials can lose their mechanical, other physical, chemical and physicochemical properties and appearance. " Metal surface corrosion accounts for approximately 4% of an industrialized nation s gross national product (GNP) spent on its prevention, replacement of corroded parts, maintenance and environmental protection. This translates to nearly 300 bilhon direct and indirect costs to the US economy per year at 2003 prices. ... 

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