Construction industry ratios

The market for polymer composites has continued to expand in all forms of transportation (aerospace, aircraft, marine, automotive), in the construction industry and numerous other industrial and consumer applications. The increased use of composites in place of conventional materials is driven by their established advantages such as corrosion resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, and moderate costs as well as the design flexibility offered by novel resin/reinforcement combinations together with new processing and machinery innovations. Table 9.7 summarizes the markets and typical applications for composites. 

Industrial wastes are responsible for a great part of environment deterioration. The construction industry has the potential to absorb some of these wastes, in the use of mortars and concrete production. Kaolin wastes were used to replace part of or total lime for the manufacture of mortars. These mortars were studied to determine the influence of water/cement ratio on compressive strength. The results were compared with those obtained for cement-lime mortars. Water content was fixed by the flow table standard. The influence of water/cement ratio was more important for the kaolin waste mortars than for cement-lime mortars (Nobrega et al., 2009). 

South Africa s National Occupational Safety Association (NOSA) decided that statistics, which will enable it to construct a ratio, would be of great value to industry ... 

Hubbard, R and J Neil (1986) "Major-Minor Accident ratios in the Construction Industry." Journal of Occupational Accidents vol 7 pp 225-237. 

Rock wool fibers can be characterized by their acidity modulus, Mj, which describes the ratio of acidic to basic oxides. If Ms< 1.2, the fiber is called slag wool, the base material of which is cinder. Nowadays, such low quality fibers are not produced any more because they are very brittle and show a poor chemical resistance. If Mj= 1.2-1.5, the fiber is considered to be a mineral wool, the base materials of which are basic volcanic rock and cinder. These fibers are brittle, but have acceptable insulation properties, hence their significance in the construction industry is high. If Ms> 1.5, the fiber is called rock wool, and if its base material is basalt then it is named basalt wool (basalt fiber, BF). The base of basalt fiber is basalt, which is a volcanic, over-ground, effusive rock saturated with 45-52 wt.% Si02. Due to the circumstances of its formation, basalt has several excellent properties. In addition to its high elasticity modulus and excellent heat resistance. 

Table 2 represents the ratio of cause of a small and not necessarily representative sample of construction accidents in Canada compared with the ratio of causes in a small sample as documented in reference 1 which was not intended to be representative of the whole construction industry. 

ORP Oxidation reduction potential - the degree of completion of a chemical reaction by detecting the ratio of ions in the reduced form to those in the oxidized form as a variation in electrical potential measured by an ORP electrode assembly. OSHA The Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) is a law designed to protect the health and safety of industrial workers and treatment plant operators. It regulates the design, construction, operation and maintenance of industrial plants and wastewater treatment plants. The Act does not apply directly... 

The total amount of waste generated in South Korea in 2003 was 300,000 ton day-1. Construction waste, a dominant waste-type in South Korea, has increased from 16% in 1966 to 49% of the total amount of the waste currently. Almost 90% of this waste is recycled and just 1.5% is incinerated. Thus, the proportion of solid waste that is incinerated (6%) is rather small, relative to other countries in Asia (Fig. 2.4). However, the proportion of municipal and industrial waste that contributes to 17% and 34% of the waste that is incinerated has increased continuously. In 1993, the ratio of municipal solid waste (MSW) that was incinerated in South... 

The average distillation column at a typical refinery or petrochemical plant is probably 1 to 4 m in diameter and 15 to 50 m tall. Some columns, however, are 15 m in diameter and can extend to a height of 100 m. Columns taller than this are unfeasible to construct and erect. In addition, column height-to-diameter ratios greater than 30 are uncommon because of the support problems encountered with tall, thin columns. Most distillation columns in industrial service are bolted onto thick concrete slabs. Tall, thin columns can employ guy wires for extra support when shell thicknesses are insufficient to prevent excessive sway in the face of high winds. 

Foam films and a foam from the aqueous and organic phases of an extraction system containing a 30% solution of tri-buthyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene and nitric acid (1 mol dm 3) have been studied in a parallel mode [137]. The reasons for foaming and the effect of emulsion formation on foam stability were elucidated. Thus, a foam with a measurable lifetime was obtained when TBP was in concentration of 0.8 mol dm 3 which corresponded to the concentration of black spot formation. When the volume ratio of the organic to the aqueous phase was 1 5, the foam formed in the system was stabilised additionally by a highly disperse O/W emulsion. This was due to the reduced rate of drainage. These results are confirmed by the experimental data acquired with a specially constructed centrifugal extractor [136]. It makes it possible to perform an extraction process under conditions close to those in industry. 

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