Construction Completion and Turnover

Establish a materiel management procedure (Chapter 7). Define construction completion and turnover, and possible technical assistance to the owner beyond turnover (Chapter 11). 

Giving support for and participating in final inspection and testing leading to construction completion and turnover ... 

Are the quality records necessary for contractual construction completion and turnover to the owner clearly defined ... 

If the representatives of the owner have been in sufficient strength as observers on the site during the completion of the construction phase as outlined in Section 11.4 above, and are thus familiar with the detail of the proceedings, the turnover operation should be straight forward. The procedures for construction completion and turnover to the owner are shown as a flowchart in Figure 11.6. 

Note The construction completion and turnover procedure illustrated in this flowchart can be applied to the whole plant or to a part of it, in particular to a functional system. 

However, the timely addressing of this question does not always happen. At the beginning of the project, construction completion and turnover are a long way off, and the decision to complete and turn over functional system by functional system may only be taken at a later stage when construction is well advanced. Depending on the type of plant, the materiel content of each functional system, with a definition of its boundaries and interfaces with other systems, will have to be derived from a review of documents such as ... 

The reaction of the reader might well be that the above proposed model procedures for construction completion and turnover to the owner, particularly those based on fimctional systems, are complicated, but whatever the approach, managing completion and turnover is never simple. Fiowever, these procedures can work well provided that ... 

For the owner time was pressing, so it was decided to simplify the project structure. In the first place the owner brought in one of its own engineers to head up the operation. He already possessed the experience of several plant construction completions and turnovers, had developed a procedure and came armed with computer software to track the operation. An integrated team was formed, comprising staff from the owner and the EPCM contractor. The contracts with the construction contractors for the mechanical, piping, electrical and control and instrumentation disciplines were closed out as such, and instead these firms made available teams of pipe fitters, welders, electricians, etc., to be integrated into the owner-EPCM contractor team. Their services would be paid for on the basis of time spent at houriy rates. 

For those chapters proposing typical procedures with model forms concerning responsibilities on site, supplier site visits, quality plans and records, engineering queries, incoming inspection and maintenance, nonconformities, audits, management reviews and construction completion and turnover, the forms concerned can be downloaded from the Wiley-Blackwell website www.blackwellpublishing.com/noble. They can serve as a basis for the reader to create his/her own forms adapted to the needs of a specific project. 

Once materiel has been issued to a construction contractor, the latter takes over responsibility for it up to the time of completion and turnover of the works. The construction contractor is equally responsible for materiel it has procured directly. This implies the creation and operation by the construction contractor of a materiel control system incorporating those features present in that of the EPCM contractor. 

An agreed-upon condition on the completion date is an important project decision that should be made prior to award of construction contracts and should be made a written part of them. In the past, this was called mechanical completion, which was generally meant that all equipment was tested and ran in a mechanically approved manner and proper tests had been conducted to confirm tightness and pressure rating of system. Only necessary material for testing the system would be introduced. Today the requirements for cleanliness and proofing of tests as part of validation require that the definition of condition for turnover to start-up must be developed in much more detail. The questions to be asked when developing the completion plan are ... 

Thus the extension/modification of an existing plant calls for meticulous attention to detail in pre-planning, in execution and in completion. Written procedures for all phases must be prepared well in advance and accepted by those concerned. The necessary staff, in particular in the engineering disciplines, must be available on site for monitoring and control. The respective responsibilities of EPCM contractor and owner have to be defined especially for construction completion, turnover and commissioning. Finally the project organization... 

Are there agreed-upon definitions for construction completion, turnover, commissioning, start-up, performance testing and commercial operation ... 

Chapter 11 is concerned with the formal completion of construction, leading on to the watershed milestone of turnover to the owner. The various stages are defined with model procedures and forms to complete and document the transfer. 

The term Commissioning identifies the period of time beginning after completion of turnover (i.e., from Construction to Operations) and ending with the verification that the SIS commissioning is complete and can proceed to Validation (see clause 5.5.4 below). For this example. Commissioning of the SIS began immediately after the BPCS was commissioned. 

Any notable accumulation of gas was unlikely since the two fans inside the chassis create a flow rate of approximately 180 CFM of air through the system. This corresponded to more than 95 complete air changes or turnovers every minute (Heck and Manning, 2000). The most likely zone of gas escape would be above the microreactor due to a membrane failure. If this occurs, the control system should have interlocked and shutoff the flow of combustible gas to that reaction channel. The flammable gas that does escape would have been immediately diluted by air flowing over the microreactor at an estimated rate of 120 ft min (Heck and Manning, 2000). To provide a more detailed analysis of gas mixing in the immediate vicinity of a microreactor die, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was constructed to simulate the gas flow hydrodynamics. This simulation quantifies that there is a recirculation zone above the reactor with an airflow rate... 

Two light-activated cyclic electron transfer systems have been reincorporated into lipid vesicles in such a way that proton pumping across the membranes may be observed under appropriate conditions. The first of these has been constructed from mammalian cytochrome bc] complex and reaction centres isolated from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides (RCbc vesicles), a combination used previously by Packham et al. (1980) for single turnover studies in solution. In order to maintain adequate multiple turnover electron flux under our conditions, it was necessary to add both cytochrome c and ubiquinone-2. In the presence of valinomycin, light activation caused the translocation of four protons outwards across the vesicles for each pair of electrons completing a cycle, although this ratio appeared to fall to two after a significant ApH had built up. 

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