Construction biomimetics applications

The oxidative activation of arenes is a powerful and versatile synthetic tactic that enables dearomatization to give useful synthons. Central to this chemistry are hydroxylated arenes or arenols, the phenolic functions of which can be exploited to facilitate the dearomatizing process by two-electron oxidation. Suitably substituted arenols can hence be converted, with the help of oxygen- or carbon-based nucleophiles, into ortho-quinone monoketals and ortho-quinols. These 6-oxocyclohexa-2,4-dienones are ideally functionalized for the construction of many complex and polyoxygenated natural product architectures. Today, the inherent and multiple reactivity of arenol-derived ortho-quinone monoketals and ortho-quinols species is finding numerous and, in many cases, biomimetic applications in modern organic synthesis. 

Abstract Calix[n]arenes represent a well-known family of macrocyclic molecules with a broad range of potential applications in many branches of supramolecular chemistry. Because of their preorganisation, calix[n] arenes are frequently used as building blocks and molecular scaffolds in the construction of more elaborate systems, such as artificial enzyme biomimetics and receptors. This review is focused on the recent development of calixarene-based anion receptors. 

Non-biomimetic interfaces which are constructed as they are from supramolecular associations or reversible covalent linkages. An approach to such an interface can be envisaged through the application of supramolecular chemistry and dynamic constitutional chemistry which are both conducive to adaptive structures. 

Applications of biomimetics in architecture have recently been of increasing interest due to the focus on effectiveness in energy consumption and material use and to considerations of durability, recyclability, renewability, CO2 consumption and mobility of architectural constructions [40,41],... 

As foldamers are constructed from discrete monomer units, combinatorial methods are applicable to their synthesis. Much research has involved combinatorial construction of libraries of biomimetic foldamers [82]. Combinatorial methods have been used to study nonbiotic foldamers as well. For example, libraries of thiophenes have been studied [83], as have equilibrium mixtures of imine-linked pheny-lene ethynylenes [84]. 

Interest in these studies arises from fundamental research where monolayers serve as models of biomimetic systems, as well as from important applications of such systems in molecular and bioelectronic devices, in sensors constructions, corrosion/inhibition phenomena, and synthesis of nanostructures... 

With an extensive library of nucleic acid and backbone mimics available, there is a wide range of possible structures with inherent tunability for the construction of supramolecular structures with specialized functions. Incorporation of metal complexes into the center of a double helix via substitution of single nucleotides or inorganic supramolecular architectures is an exciting approach toward the construction of molecular circuitry. As the collection of biomimetic structures continues to expand and evolve, it is anticipated that these will impact a broad range of applications. 

Troger s bases constitute a relatively simple but geometrically rich, V-shaped dass of bicyclic molecules that are commonly formed under acid catalysis by the simple condensation of anilines and formaldehyde. They have found a variety of applications, such as their use as relatively rigid chiral frameworks for the construction of chelating and biomimetic systems [71]. 

Strictly speaking, biomimetic synthesis implies that one prepares a compound by the same method used by Nature for the biosynthesis of compound. However, chemists commonly use the term in a more general way-meaning that a synthesis is inspired by a probable or even possible biosynthetic construction of bonds. That is, it is often possible to deduce from the structure of a natural product what the starting material must be, and by application of sound mechanistic ideas about electron movement, it is often possible to propose a sequence of steps that may be used by Nature. When a chemist is inspired by such considerations to design a synthesis, and then proceeds to reduce the plan to practice by experiment, this is often called a biomimetic synthesis, even if there has been absolutely no experimental work directed at determining the actual biosynthetic pathway. 

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