Consolidation Pipeline

In pipelines, especially those that are highly stressed from internal pressure, uniform and adequate support of the pipe in the trench is essential. Unequal settlements may produce added bending stresses in the pipe. Lateral thrusts at branch connections may greatly increase the stresses in the branch connection itself, unless the fill is thoroughly consolidated or other provisions are made to resist the thrust. Rock shield shall not be draped over the pipe unless suitable backfill and padding are placed in the ditch to provide a continuous and adequate support of the pipe in the trench. 

If all proposed pipelines were constructed, there is an apprehension of oversupply of regional markets, especially during the period 2006-2010. However, by consolidated development the South Caucasian Pipeline system... 

In addition, many of the buyout firms that have already invested still monitor the deal pipeline for further acquisitions in order to strengthen the competitive position of their portfolio companies and/or to consolidate market segments. For example, in late 2004, The Blackstone Group announced it had bought Acetex for USD 490 million and Vinamul Polymers, ICI s emulsion polymer business, for USD 208 million in order to strengthen the competitive position of its portfolio company Celanese. 

With the growth in economic potential seen recently in the Circum-Black Sea countries the environmental stress may be aggravated. The main causes include construction of new and rehabilitation of existing sea ports, revival of the merchant and tanker fleet, consolidation of the naval component, construction of oil and gas pipelines and hydrocarbon extraction, development of health resorts and recreation activities. 

Pipeline Gas From Lignite Gasification—A Feasibility Study, Consolidation Coal Co. Rept. to U. S. Department of Interior, Office of Coal Research (Jan. 13, 1965). 

Consolidation Coal Company, "Pipeline Gas from Lignite Gasification A Feasibility Study, Report prepared for Office of Coal Research, Dept, of Interior, Washington, D. C., January 1965. 

Consolidating and enforcing pipeline reporting requirements to improve price transparency and more effectively monitor the exercise of market power. 

In 1950, the Consolidated Coal Co. in the United States started to conduct research on the hydrotransport of fine nonsettling slurries. Concentrated coal with a weight concentration of 60% and particle size between minus 1168 p,m (14 mesh) and minus 43 p.m (325 mesh) was transported. The pipeline transported 1.5 million tons of coal each year between 1957 and 1964. The pipeline stretched 176 km (110 mi) from Cadiz, Ohio to Eastlake in Cleveland, Ohio. 

For many pipes, C/C is considered by Wasp et al. (1977) to be 0.08 77/from the top of the pipe. Wasp et al. (1977) examined the distribution of concentration of The Consolidation Coal Company s Ohio coal pipeline at a height of 8% from the bottom of the conduit and at 8% from the top of the conduit they reinterpreted the work of IsmaU (1951) and devised the following equation ... 

Mini Rigs are mounted on a trailer, truck, or a self-propelled ttack vehicle. These systems are designed for drilling in relatively soft semi-consolidated formations and are used primarily for installation of utility conduits and small diameter pipelines in congested urban areas. They are not suitable for drilling gravel, cobble, or other formations where borehole stability is difficult to maintain. 

Owing to internationalisation, logistics pipelines are extended and have to cope with differences in infrastructure across countries, while needing to realise delivery within the time-to-market. This may drive localisation. On the other hand, the opportunity for global consolidation may drive international centralisation. 

Lead time spent in the logistics pipeline increases the holding cost of inventory. In addition to the time spent in physical transit, goods travelling internationally will incur other delays. These occur at consolidation points in the process, such as in warehouses where goods are stored until they can be consolidated into a full load, such as a container. Delay frequently occurs at the point of entry into a country while customs and excise procedures are followed. 

A second dimension that needs to be taken into consideration is that of distribution lead times. Here, we focus on physical distribution from warehouse to customer, and not on the inbound pipeline. Centralising inventory may lead to lower factory-to-warehouse distribution costs because shipments can be consolidated into full container loads. Where service windows to customers are very compressed there may not be sufficient time to ship products from a central warehouse and allow for the required transit time within the service window. 

Consolidation is one of the key ways in which costs in pipelines can be lowered. Economies of scale are achieved when goods produced in a number of different facilities are batched together for transport to a common market. 

When the top level of a fresh (very) soft clay deposit is below the water table, a sand layer can very gently be installed upon it by means of a spraying pontoon. This will increase the stress and improve the self-weight consolidation process. Such a sand layer will allow for access of light equipment or for the deposition of subsequent sand layers by means of land pipelines, using the advantage of gentle slopes realised by hydraulic fill (see Section 9.1.3.5 and 9.1.3.6). 

Seismic-induced settlement may be caused by densification of cohesionless soils, consolidation of cohesive soils, or consolidation of liquefied soil. In this section we will only discuss liquefaction-induced ground settlement as it can cause larger settlement and hence higher potential for damage to buried pipelines. 

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