Conscious monkeys

Tsukada H., Harada N., Nishiyama S., Ohba H., Kakiuchi T. Dose-response and duration effects of acute administrations of cocaine and GBR 12909 on dopamine synthesis and transporter in the conscious monkey brain PET studies combined with microdialysis. Brain Res. 860 141, 2000. 

Ando, K., Ikeda, H., Yamamoto, K., and Sagami, F., Dose (concentration)-response analysis of drug-induced QT interval prolongation in conscious monkeys (JPMA QT prodact), /. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods, 49, 220, 2004. 

Tsukada et al. (2002) 4 Macada mulatto monkeys C-Raclopride PET (B/1) IV nic (B/I) Slight j, BP (indicating f DA concentration) in anesthetized, but not conscious monkeys, in dorsal striatum... 

Murphy DJ, Renninger JP, Coatney RW (2001) A novel method for chronic measurement of respiratory function in the conscious monkey. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 46 13-20... 

D1 receptor binding in prefrontal cortex of conscious monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 1861-1869. 

Iwamura Y, Tanaka M, Sakamoto M, Hikosaka O. 1983. Converging patterns of finger representation and complex response properties of neurons in Area 1 of the first somatosensory cortex of the conscious monkey. Exp Brain Res 51 327-337. 

Tsukada H, Nishiyama S, Fukumoto D, Ohba H, Sato K, Kakiuchi T (2004) Effects of acute acetylcholinesterase inhibition on the cerebral cholinergic neuronal system and cognitive function functional imaging of the conscious monkey brain using animal PET in combination with microdialysis. Synapse 52 1-10. 

Murphy DJ, Renninger JP, Gossett KA (1998) A novel method for chronic measurement of pleural pressure in conscious rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 39(3) 137-141 Murphy DJ, Renninger JP, Coatney RW (2001) A novel method for chronic measurement of respiratory function in the conscious monkey. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 46(l) 13-20 Murphy DJ (2002) Assessment of respiratory function in safety pharmacology. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 16(3) 183-196... 

Satoh, H., Fukuda, N., Kuriki, H., Maki, Y., Nomura, M., Saji, Y., and Nagawa, Y., 1980, A procedure for recording electroretinogram (ERG) in conscious monkeys, and effect of some drugs (author s transl.), Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, 76(7) 581-594. 

Venous blood levels of cyanide reached a steady state (mean value, 200 g/100 mL) within 10 min of exposure of cynomolgus monkeys at 100-156 ppm (Purser et al. 1984). The blood level stayed constant during the remainder of the 30-min exposure, during which time the animals lost consciousness the blood level remained the same for 1 h after exposure, even though the monkeys recovered consciousness within 10 min. The mean concentration of whole blood cyanide in rabbits that died following inhalation exposure was 170 pg/100 mL the mean plasma concentration was 48 figHOO mL (Ballantyne 1983). 

ETA-selective antagonists included a more selective (>25 000-fold) p)rrrolidine carboxylic acid derivatives A-216546 (121). A-216546 was orally available in rat, dog and monkey and blocked endothelin-1-induced presser response in conscious rats. Replacement of the dialkylacetamide side chain in 121 resulted in a complete reversal of receptor selectivity, preferring ETb over ET. Compound 122 (A-308165) demonstrated over 27 000-fold selectivity favouring the ETb receptor. So far one of the endothelin ETA-receptor antagonists bosentan (123) has reached the market for the treatment of pulmonary h)rpertension. Several other compounds have either failed in the clinic or are in various stages of development (e.g. sitaxsentan (124) and 125). ... 

A cardiovascular monitoring system used in conscious cynomolgus monkeys for regulatory safety pharmacology Part 2 Pharmacological validation. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 56, 122-130. 

Fig. 7. Effects of tafluprost (AFP-168) and latanoprost on maximal reduction of intraocular pressure in conscious ocular normotensive monkeys. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2004 Elsevier.

Cornish KG, Iversen PL, Smith L, Arneson M, Bayever E. Cardiovascular effects of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with sequence antisense to p53 in the conscious rhesus monkey, Pharmacol Commun 1993 3 239-247. 

May JA, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA, Hellberg MR, Dean TR. Evaluation of the ocular hypotensive response of serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor ligands in conscious ocular hypertensive Cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther... 

Methods for evaluating postural hypotension were described in conscious dogs (Baum et al. 1981), conscious rabbits (Sponer et al. 1981), in rats (Lee et al. 1982) and in cynomolgus monkeys during ketamine anesthesia (Pals and Orley 1983). 

So far the discussion of firing patterns of the cells have been restricted to those seen in the most common preparations but the function of dopamine is surely best studied in conscious animals able to move and respond to external cues. In the past decade such recordings have begun to paint a very intriguing picture of the role of dopamine cells in animal behavior. Early studies of this type had been disappointing from the point of view of the involvement of dopamine cells in motor behavior. In cats (Trulson and Jacobs, 1979 Trulson, 1985) and monkeys (Schultz, 1986) it seemed that the dopamine cells were not responsive to the present behavior of the animal. Few, if any, the cells responded either to the movements in a motor task or to the sensory cues guiding the behavior. 

Monkey Initiation 500 ppm 25 min. necrosis in the brain animals exposed for 35 min showed conjunctival irritation, sudden loss of consciousness, and respiratory and cardiac arrest Animals showed extensive changes in... 

Dogs, sheep, and monkeys can be kept conscious during nasal delivery to mimic the human [51]. Sheep, because of their large nostrils and docile nature, serve as excellent models for studies of this kind. 

Other than the rat model, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, and sheep are also used for in vivo studies. In such large animals, the formulation can be administered while the animal is under anesthesia—or, in some cases, imder conscious conditions—and care should be taken for physical loss of the formulation because of drainage. 

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