Conjunctival erythema

Capsaicin causes conjunctivitis, periorbital edema/ erythema, ophthalmodynia, blepharospasm, blepharitis, corneal abrasions, and lacrimation. In a retrospective study of 81 patients who presented to the emergency department following aerosol exposure from law enforcement use of OC, 56% of individuals developed ophthalmodynia, 44% conjunctivitis, 40% conjunctival erythema, 13% lacrimation, and 9% comeal abrasions (Watson et al, 1996). Another study involved exposure of 47 human volunteers to OC for evaluating effects on the cornea and conjunctivae (Zolhnan et al, 2000). All subjects reported significant eye pain, blurred vision, and lacrimation 10 min after exposure to OC pepper spray, but symptoms improved by 1 h later. Comeal abrasions were not apparent, but 21% of subjects showed evidence of punctate epithelial erosions and reduced comeal sensitivity. Comeal abnormalities were absent 1 week after exposure. Another human study identified 23% of subjects (7 of 30) with comeal abrasions following aerosol exposure to OC spray (Watson et al, 1996). In mice, a single subcutaneous injection of 12.5, 25,... 

CN can produce intense blepharospasm, pain, lacrimation, conjunctival erythema, periorbital edema,... 

Symptoms of decreasing visual acuity, ocular pain, or conjunctival erythema should lead to early reassessment. 

The eyes are a major target for the short-lived toxic effects of RCAs. Eye findings from RCA toxicity can range in severity from conjunctival erythema to ocular necrosis. Lacrimation, conjxmctival erythema/edema, blepharitis, and erythema are the most typical findings after exposure to all RCAs. Toxic signs may further include periorbital edema (Yih 1995), blepharospasm or spasms during eyelid closure (Grant, 1986 Blain, 2003), apraxia... 

Capsaicin causes conjunctivitis, periorbital edema/ erythema, ophthalmodynia, blepharospasm, blepharitis, comeal abrasions, and lacrimation. In a retrospective study of 81 patients who presented to the emergency department after aerosol exposure from law enforcement use of OC, 56% of individuals developed ophthalmodynia, 44% developed conjimctivitis, 40% developed conjunctival erythema, 13% developed lacrimation, and 9% developed comeal abrasions (Watson et al, 1996). Another study involved exposure of 47 human... 

Ocular Effects. No studies were located regarding ocular effects in humans after exposure to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine by any route. No adverse effects on the eye were noted when dichlorobenzidine (isomer unspecified, free base) was directly placed in the conjunctival sac of the eye of rabbits (Gerarde and Gerarde 1974). However, 0.1 mL 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride (dihydro salt of 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine) in a 20% com oil suspension produced erythema, pus, and comeal opacity, giving a 76% score in the Draize test within an hour when placed in the conjunctival sac of the eye of the rabbit (Gerarde and Gerarde 1974). Apparently, the irritant effects of hydrochloric acid Ifom the salt-compoimd contributed... 

High concentrations of vapor cause conjunctival irritation and blepharospasm. Liquid chloroform splashed in the eye causes immediate burning pain and conjunctival irritation the corneal epithelium may be injured, but regeneration is prompt, and the eye returns to normal in 1-3 days. Applied to the skin, chloroform causes burning pain, erythema, and vesiculation. ... 

The LD50 for penetration of rabbit skin was 12.3ml/kg after 14 days. Contact of the liquid with the skin causes erythema and irritation." Eye contamination may produce conjunctival irritation. ... 

Two drops of the liquid in the eyes of a rabbit caused slight conjunctival irritation but no corneal injury. The liquid in contact with the skin of a rabbit caused erythema, exfoliation, and vesiculation. ... 

Applied to the skin of animals a 4-hour occluded dose produced mild to moderate erythema and edema. Similar contact for 24 hours resulted in marked erythema, necrosis, and ulceration." Instilled in rabbit eyes, tbe liquid bas caused mild conjunctival hyperemia. 

The liquid dropped in the eyes of rabbits caused slight conjunctival irritation applied to rabbit skin, it produced erythema. ... 

Repeated application of 95% xylene to rabbit skin caused erythema and slight necrosis. Instilled in rabbit eyes, it produced conjunctival irritation and temporary corneal injury. Exposure to the vapors produced reversible vacuoles in the corneas of cats. 

Adverse events occurring in 3% to 9% in descending order include corneal staining/erosion, photophobia, eyelid erythema, ocular ache/pain, ocular dryness, tearing, upper respiratory symptoms, eyelid edema, conjunctival edema, dizziness, blepharitis, ocular irritation, Gl symptoms, asthenia, conjunctival blanching, abnormal vision, and muscular pain. 

External examination reveals erythema and swelling of the affected skin areas. Slit-lamp examination reveals diffuse conjunctival injection and pimctate epithelial erosions of the cornea with corresponding NaFl staining. If the epithelial lesions are extensive and if lacrimation is profuse, corneal edema also may be noted. 

In patients with AKC there is conjunctival hyperemia, erythema, injection, and chemosis (Figure 27-8). Papillary changes, diffuse in presentation, affect the inferior palpebral conjunctiva more commonly than the superior. Less frequently, giant papillae and follicles may be found. Conjunctival fibrosis and scarring may occur, along with symblepharon formation. 

Atopic Probably cell mediated Pruritus Erythema Conjunctival Avoid rubbing Fourth-fifth decades... 

Clinically, the practitioner may observe conjimctival chemosis and erythema, abnormal eyelid position (lid retraction), lid lag, and proptosis. Conjunctival injection is most marked over the involved rectus muscles. Nervousness, palpitations, weight loss, hyperhidrosis, and heat intolerance are systemic symptoms occurring in more than 80% of hyperthyroid patients. Other signs, such as tremor, hyperreflexia, tachycardia, skin changes, stare, and eyelid lag, are observed in more than 60%. Additionally, goiter is present in more than 95% of Graves disease patients. In most cases, however, the laboratory confirmation of thyrotoxicosis is helpful to corroborate the diagnosis. 

Monkeys were exposed to varying concentrations and durations. At a Ct dosage of 2565 mg min m , only one animal responded, and that was with oral and nasal discharge, and diminished response to stimuli. A Ct of 8540mgminm resulted in ocular and nasal conjunctival congestion, facial erythema, and decreased responses, all of which were resolved... 

Both allergic and irritant mechanisms have been proposed as explanations for eye symptoms. More rapid tear-film break-up time, a measure of tear film instability, is associated with increased levels of symptoms. Fat-foam thickness measurement and photography for documentation of ocular erythema have also been used. Some authors attribute eye symptoms at least in part to increased individual susceptibility based on those factors. In addition, office workers with ocular symptoms have been demonstrated to blink less frequently when working at video display terminals. Conjunctival staining with fluorescent dyes is a common clinical test for conjunctivitis sicca. 

In patients treated with pegaptanib sodium alone, ocular adverse events considered likely to be associated with intravitreal injection of pegaptanib sodium included vitreous floaters or haze, mild transient anterior chamber inflammation, ocular irritation, increased IOP, intraocular air, subconjunctival hemorrhage, eye pain, lid edema/ erythema, dry eye, and conjunctival injection. In patients treated with pegaptanib sodium and PDT, adverse events probably associated included ptosis (due to the contact lens), mild anterior chamber inflammation, corneal abrasion, eye pain, foreign body sensation, chemosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and vitreous prolapse. 

Reduction in vision. Pain in eye, eyes tender. Red or warm face or skin. White or hazy cornea. Conjunctival inflamation. Facial or skin erythema. Mid-moderate corneal and/or skin burn. (Infrared laser, intermediate dose.) If eye perforation is not suspected, apply topical antibiotics (ointment). Patch. Systemic antibiotics and pain medication ... 

Solid chemicals are also injected into the conjunctival sac (< 50 mg, inserted <10 mkm). Skin effects are evidenced by such factors as occurrence of hyperemia, dermatitis, cracks and crusting at the application site. The size of the skin fold and skin temperature are also measured. The presence of cutaneous edema, erythema, cracks and shedding of hair signify marked irritation from the test substance. Effects on mucous membranes are determined from the occurrence and degree (superficial or deep) of conjunctivitis and keratitis. 

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