Conducting polymers materials

This volume combines chapters oriented towards new materials with chapters on experimental progress in the study of electrochemical processes. G. E Evans reviews the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers, materials which are most interesting from a theoretical point of view and promise to open up new fields of application. His approach gives a survey of the main classes of such polymers, describing their synthesis, structure, electronic and electrochemical properties and, briefly, their use as electrodes. 

Conductive polymer material used for the positive temperature coefficient resistor (PTC) overcurrent protection device Activated carbon cathode and anode... 

Miller, J.S. 1993a. Conducting polymers—Materials of commerce. Adva/Ked Materials 5.587-589. Miller, l.S. 1993b. Conducting polymers—Materials of commerce. Advanced Materials 5,... 

Other workers have carried out electropolymerization in the presence of chemical oxidants.57 This results in the production of much more porous, yet mechanically stable conducting polymer materials. 

In traditional polymer CVD, the precursor stream flowing with a carrier gas is fed over a heated tungsten wire (hot wire) or through a microwave cavity (plasma) in a reduced atmosphere chamber. The activated monomers then condense into a polymer film on nearby surfaces. This technique can be used to create high quality insulators [50] as well as doped organic conducting polymer materials [51] by proper selection of the source materials and the use of suitable catalysts. 

Magnetic fields are commonly used to manufacture conducting polymer materials and to process ferroplasts, i.e. polymer composites containing ferromagnetic fillers. 

Numerous other types of electrically conductive polymer composites are commercially available but are beyond the scope of this chapter. These materials are used in such applications as conductive inks [1], thermoplastic molded monolithic objects for electrostatic dissipation (ESD) [2] and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications [3], and a wide variety of other applications, including heating elements, switches, transducers, and batteries [2]. Similarly, the fabrication of conductive polymer materials via metal vapor deposition or electrodeposition onto polymer surfaces will not be discussed here. 

Table 14.1 gives an alphabetical listing of electrochemical sensors based on nanostructured conducting-polymer materials and composites. The main sensor characteristics have been extracted from the literature. The data given in the table are based on values extracted from the associated publications, either directly, or approximated from graphical data. The comments principally refer to abbreviations of the synthetic and deposition methods used, as well as other pertinent characteristics of the sensor. Responses or sensitivity values are based on either single data or slopes determined from calibrations. Detection limits are either formal limits of detection, or the lowest concentrations determined in the work, and... 

Bakhshi, A.K. and G. Bhalla. 2004. Electrically conducting polymers Materials of the twenty-first century. / Sci Ind Res 63 715. 

Rohde, E., E. Dempsey, M.R. Smyth, J.G. Vos, and H. Emons. 1993. Development of a flowthrough electrochemical detector for glucose based on a glucose oxidase-modified microelectrode incorporating redox and conducting polymer materials. Anal Chim Acta 278 5. 

Nguyen, T.A., J.N. Barisci, A. Partridge, and G.G. Wallace. 2003. Investigation of conducting polymer materials for sensor array. Synthetic Met 137 1445-1446. 

A. J. Heeger, Polyaniline with surfactant counterions - conducting polymer materials which are processible in the conducting form, Synthetic Metals 1993, 57, 3471. 

This chapter focuses on the theoretical modeling studies of ORR catalysts for PEMFC. Theoretical methods, such as density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation, are presented. Current understanding of ORR mechanism in acidic medium is briefly discussed. Recent theoretical investigations on oxygen reduction electrocatalysts, such as Pt-based catalysts, non-Pt metal catalysts (Pd, Ir, CuCl), and non-precious metal catalysts (transitional metal macrocyclic complexes, conductive polymer materials, and carbon-based materials), are reviewed. The oxygen reduction mechanisms catalyzed by these catalysts are discussed based on the results. 

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