Conducting Polymers as EAPs Fundamentals and Materials

2 Actuators Based on Conducting Polymers Operation Principle. 239 

Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, 

Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI), Universidad Politdcnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain e-mail josean.martinez upot.es 

Carpi (ed.), Electromechanically Active Polymers, Polymers and Polymeric 

Despite the bibliographic explosion, few efforts have been done to attempt a classification of this material s forest. Up to eight different material families of conducting polymers have been proposed (Otero 1999, 2013) basic polymers, substituted, self-doped, copolymers, blends with organic macroions, hybrids wifli inorganic macroions, composites, and salts of the different conducting polymers. Each family is constituted by hundreds of different materials, in which only a low percentage ( 10 %) have been synthesized at present 

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