Conductance, electrolytic specific

See chemical equivalent, equivalent conductivity The specific conductance multiplied by the volume (ml) which contains 1 g equivalent of the electrolyte. 

An electrolyte may be characterized by resistance / [Qcm], which is defined as the resistance of the solution between two electrodes at a distance of 1 cm and an area of 1 cm2. The reciprocal value is called the specific conductivity at[Q" cm"1] [5], For comparison the values of k for various materials are given in Fig. 2 Here is a wide spread for different electrolyte solutions. The selection of a suitable, high-conductivity electrolyte solution for an electrochemical cell depends on its compatibility with other components, such as the positive and negative electrodes. 

It is not usual to talk about the resistance of electrolytes, but rather about their conductance. The specific conductance (K) of an electrolyte is defined as the reciprocal of the resistance of a part of the electrolyte, 1 cm in length and 1 cm2 in cross-sectional area. It depends only on the ions present and, therefore it varies with their concentration. To take the effect of concentration into account, a function called the equivalent conductance, A, is defined. This is more commonly (and conveniently) used than the specific conductance to compare quantitatively the conductivities of electrolytes. The equivalent conductance A is the conductance of that volume of the electrolyte which contains one gram equivalent of the ions taking part in the electrolysis and which is held between parallel electrodes 1 cm apart (units ohm-1 cm4). If V cubic centimeters is the volume of the solution containing one gram equivalent, then the value of L will be 1 cm and the value of A will be V square centimeters, so that... 

While XAS techniques focus on direct characterizations of the host electrode structure, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to probe local chemical environments via the interactions of insertion cations that are NMR-active nuclei, for example lithium-6 or -7, within the insertion electrode. As with XAS, NMR techniques are element specific (and nuclear specific) and do not require any long-range structural order in the host material for analysis. Solid-state NMR methods are now routinely employed to characterize the various chemical components of Li ion batteries metal oxide cathodes, Li ion-conducting electrolytes, and carbonaceous anodes.Coupled to controlled electrochemical in-sertion/deinsertion of the NMR-active cations, the... 

The electrolyte is the heart of any fuel cell. Ideally, this component effectively separates the anode and cathode gases and/or liquids and mediates the electrochemical reaction occurring at the electrodes through conducting a specific ion at very high rates during the operation of the fuel cell. In other words,... 

One of the most important parts of the fuel cell is the electrolyte. For polymer-electrolyte fuel cells this electrolyte is a single-ion-conducting membrane. Specifically, it is a proton-conducting membrane. Although various membranes have been examined experimentally, most models focus on Nafion. Furthermore. it is usually necessary only to modify property values and not governing equations if one desires to model other membranes. The models presented and the discussion below focus on Nafion. 

To a first approximation, the BLM can be considered to behave like a parallel plate capacitor immersed in a conducting electrolyte solution. In reality, even such a thin insulator as the modified BLM (designated by and R, in Fig. 108) could block the specific adsorption of some species from solution and/or modify the electrochemical behavior of the system. Similarly, System C may turn out to be a semiconductor(l)-insulator-semiconductor(2) (SIS ) rather than a semiconductor(l)-semiconductor(2) (SS ) junction. The obtained data, however, did not allow for an unambiguous distinction between these two alternative junctions we have chosen the simpler of the two [652], The equivalent circuit describing the working (Ew), the reference (Eg), and the counter (Ec) electrodes the resistance (Rm) and the capacitance (C of the BLM the resistance (R ) and capacitance (Ch) of the Helmholtz electrical double layer surrounding the BLM as well as the resistance of the electrolyte solution (RSO ) is shown in Fig. 108a [652],... 

The explanation of the mechanism of the electrolytic conductance in specific cases will make the application of Faraday s law clearer. 

Formally, ammonia synthesis is closely related to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Industrial operation involves the use of an iron catalyst promoted with calcium and potassium oxides. However, the reason we consider this process here is not directly in connection with alkali promotion of the catalyst. We are concerned with a remarkable achievement reported by Yiokari et al. [15], who use a ton-conducting electrolyte to achieve electrochemical promotion of a fully promoted ammonia synthesis catalyst operated at elevated pressure. Specifically, they make use of a fully promoted industrial catalyst that was interfaced with the proton conductor CaIno.iZro.903-a operated at 700K and 50 bar in a multipellet configuration. It was shown that under EP the catalytic rate could be increased by a factor of 13 when... 

A similar approach is used in CO2 gas sensors based on electrolyte chains of YSZ and cation conductors. Specifically, YSZ has been used with magnesium- [223], aluminum- [96, 105, 224, 225], or scandium- [225-227] conducting electrolytes and Li2CO3-containing electrodes. The sensitivity to CO2 is attributed to the dissolution of lithium in the electrolyte rather than to the formation of a new carbonate phase. 

The proportionality constant k is now known as the electrolytic conductivity (formerly specific conductivityX and its units are O" cm" h It is the conductance of a I cm cube. 

An electrochromic device embodies a number of superimposed layers on a transparent substrate or between two transparent substrates, and optical transmittance is altered when an electrical potential is applied so that charge is shuttled between layers serving in the same way as anodes and cathodes in an electrical battery. One specific design with a five-layer construction shown in Figure 30 uses cathodically coloring WO3 and anodically coloring nickel oxide joined by an ion-conducting electrolytic laminate. A potential of a few volts, preferably supplied by solar cells, is applied between... 

The conductivity (or specific conductance) of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. Conductivity measurements are used routinely in... 

Misnon, 1.1., R. A. Aziz, N. K. M. Zain, B. Vidhyadharan, S. G. Krishnan, and R. Jose. 2014. High performance MnOj nanoflower electrode and the relationship between solvated ion size and specific capacitance in highly conductive electrolytes. Materials Research Bulletin 57 221-230. 

Electrical field effects are an example of a transport phenomenon that does not arise in most chemical reactors, and these field effects often dictate the current distribution. Usually, electrical field effects are more important in the (ionicaUy conducting) electrolyte than in the (electronically conducting) electrodes. However, as is the case of porous electrodes for fuel cells and batteries, significant potential variations in the electrodes may result if the electrodes are very thin, very large, or have high specific resistivity. Current distributions where the potential drop in the electrode is important were first studied in 1953 [4] the phenomenon is called the terminal effect or resistive substrate effect. ... 

Electrolytes for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors, Table 1 Specific conductivities electrolytes of capacitor... 

A major property beyond stability and the capability to dissolve an electrolyte is the ionic conductance (the specific conductance given with respect to a standard sample volume of 1 cm size... 

The measured electrolyte specific conductivity has a contribution due to the solvent conductivity. In the case of aqueous systems, the self-dissociation of water contributes in 0.055 j.S cm at 25 °C, but increases at higher temperatures and pressures due to the increase in K and the mobility of the and HO" ions. The ion product of water up to... 

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