Problem solving procedure

Follow the standard seven-step problem-solving procedure. We are asked to determine the total heat... 

The value of this approach is that a running expert system is rapidly created, without forcing the expert to articulate a general problem-solving procedure. The prototype system is available for the iterative knowledge refinement process, which draws out more details of the decision-making procedure from the expert to gradually build a complete and tested exi>ert system. 

The laboratory should maintain a written problem-solving procedure, and problems with the automated system that could affect data quality or integrity should be entered on forms or a log following that procedure. 

The next step in the problem solving procedure is to outline a solution procedure for the Equations listed in Table 3.2.2. There are algorithms available for determining in what order to solve a set of algebraic equations, which is called the precedence order. See, for example, Rudd and Watson [17] and Myers and Seider [18] for a discussion of some of these algorithms. Sometimes, we can develop a procedure by inspection of an equation set, as in the procedure given in Table 3.2.3. 

In practice, the I2J rule has been widely used with a higher n. However, such use causes a false rejection problem that may compromise the usefulness of the control procedure. There is no easy way to teU whether the rejection signal is due to the background random error (false rejection) or whether an additional error has occurred (true rejection). This difficulty has led to a more qualitative interpretation of the control results and often to routine repetition of the control measurements (and sometimes patient sampling) whenever a control value exceeds a 2s limit. AVhen the second or repeated control value is observed to be outside the 2 s control limits, this provides evidence for a true rejection, and problem-solving procedures should be started. 

Backward Chaining is a problem-solving procedure that starts with a statement and a set of rules leading to the statement and then works backward, matching the rules with information from a database of facts until the statement can be either verihed or proven wrong. 

The expert system uses problem solving procedures such as patternmatching to reason about the symbolic terms. 

The general problem-solving procedure can be summarized as follows ... 

The Harvard program currently lacks stereochemical capability, and work is under way 5) to rectify this situation. Corey feels that the task of developing a general problem-solving procedure for use by a computer is too large to be accomplished in a five or ten-year period and is unlikely to be complete, in a final sense, in the forseeable future... 

The systems described so far are all on-line systems. But there is also the possibility of using off-line systems for problem-solving procedures. 

Figure 7-5 reviews the problem-solving procedure, which should make sense to you now. The point is not to memorize an algorithm, but to assimilate the general approach of working backward from what is known to what is unknown. 

A similar phenomenon has been discovered in physics instruction [40]. Students who consistently attain the correct solution to physics problems often lack conceptual understanding of the principles of physics that provide the rationale for the problem solving procedures they are applying. Physics students operate with ideas - variously called misconceptions, alternative conceptions, or naive conceptions - that contradict the principles of the physical theory that is supposed to be applied in the problem solving exercises. For instance, students may believe in the impetus principle, rather than in the principle of inertia. They nevertheless manage to solve mechanics problems, using problem solving procedures that are disconnected from their beliefs about the physical world. 

In this book, we use a standard problem-solving procedure that can be adapted to many of the problems encountered in chemistry and beyond. Solving any problem essentially requires you to assess the information given in the problem and devise a way to get to the information asked for. In other words, you need to... 

In Examples 2.8 and 2.9, you will find this problem-solving procedure applied to unit conversion problems. The procedure is summarized in the left column, and two examples of applying the procedure are shown in the middle and right columns. This three-column format is used in selected examples throughout this text. It allows you to see how a particular procedure can be applied to two different problems. Work through one problem first (from top to bottom) and then examine how the same procedure is applied to the other problem. Recognizing the commonalities and differences between problems is a key part of problem solving. 

Solve temperature conversion problems using the problem-solving procedure in Sections 2.6 and 2.10. Take the steps appropriate for equations. 

If we begin with 1.8 mol of titanium and 3.2 mol of chlorine, what is the limiting reactant and theoretical yield of TiCl4 in moles We begin by sorting the information in the problem according to our standard problem-solving procedure. 

The first column outlines the problem-solving procedure and explains the reasoning that underlies each step. 

Following the problem-solving procedure from Chapter 2, first write down the information the problem gives and what it asks you to find. 

Plan the solution. Recall that Plan, printed as you see it here, means to complete the first three steps in the problem-solving procedure (1) Write down what is Given. (2) Write down what is Wanted. (3) Decide how to solve the problem. If the given and wanted quantities are related by a Per expression, use dimensional analysis write the Per/Path. If the given and wanted quantities are related by an algebraic equation, use algebra by solving the equation for the Wanted quantity. Plan your solution now. 

The whole problem-solving procedure is summarized in a flowchart that shows the six steps (Fig. 3.12). 

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