Demand advantage

Although the convergence between the many industrialised countries has left ve ry small differences in per-capita-income, the income of certain user groups can still considerably vary between countries. For example, the disposable income of young persons, the elderly, the unemployed, the wealthy, women and chronically ill persons can vary between countries more than the per-capita-income of couin- 

The international product-life-cycle suggested that many commercially successful innovations were developed in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century because the per-capita-income in the United States was the highest in the world (Vernon 1971). As other countries caught up and reached the level of per- capita-income that the United States had at the time the innovation was demanded in the United States, the same demand for the new product emerged in these markets as well. In general, the wealth of a nation has frequently been empirically proven to have a positive effect on the rate and time of adoption (see the literature review by Dekimpe et al. 1998c). 

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On-demand Advantages Aerosol is delivered when patient ean inhale it most effectively Better dose eontrol... 

The first chapter explains the motivation, the main problem and the aim of this study. It sets the demand advantage of nations within Porter s diamond of national competitive advantages as the point of departure. A detailed and extended definition of lead markets is given and compared with varying definitions given in lit-... 

In this thesis the attributes of a national market that support the commercialisation of innovations worldwide other than scientific excellence are studied. They constitute part of the demand conditions and domestic firms rivalry described by Porter (1990). Porter suggests three main attributes of home demand advantage the composition, the size and growth of home demand and the mechanism by which a nation s domestic preferences are transmitted to foreign markets. TIds thesis intends to further elaborate these demand factors, reformulate and extend the attributes of national markets and shift the focus from competitiveness of a nation s firms to the competitiveness of multinational firms reaping the benefits of the lead market. Ultimately, a different and extended typology of lead attributes of national markets based on theoretical considerations will be introduced. 

Demand advantage. Conditions that result in the anticipation of the benefit of an innovation designs emerging at a global level. 

On the international level, lead users concentrated in a particular country could Ibe the users that anticipate a global demand. Lead users could constitute the anticipatory demand advantage of a country as described above. The country would then become a lead market because lead users happen to be concentrated in the country. Yet lead users can be quite different from lead markets and they can Ibe located outside the lead market. While lead users are basically inventors who use their inventions themselves, lead markets, on the other hand, are defined predominantly as the first adopters of a new technology. In their most recent work, Hippel,... 

Other demand advantages are also not persuasive. Businessmen were the first adopters of mobile telephony (ITU 1999), but there is no evidence that they are unequally distributed across industrialised countries. There are few differences in per-capita income between the Nordic countries and Germany, the two extreme poles of market penetration with mobile telephony in Europe. Cultural factors are... 

Export advantage Countries with multi-ethnic populations can gain an export and demand advantage when they respond to the preferences of local ethnic... 

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