Concentration percent by volume

Table II. A Summary of Macroalgal Extract Concentrations (Percent by Volume) That Produce the Best Growth of Dinoflagellates in the Culture Experiments Shown in Figures 1-7...

Federal Register (FR) A daily publication of all U.S. government documents required by law. It is the daily supplement to the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). flammable limits The range of gas or vapor concentrations (percent by volume) in air which will bum or explode if an ignition source is present. The lower explosive limit... 

Flammable Limits — The lower flammable limit is the minimum concentration (percent by volume) of a vapor in air below which a... 

Flammable Limits—The lower flammable limit is the minimum concentration (percent by volume) of a vapor in air below which a flame is not propagated when an ignition source is present. Below this concentration the mixture is too lean to bum. The upper flammable limit is the maximum concentration (percent by volume) of the vapor in air above which a flame is not propagated. Above this concentration the mixture is too rich to bum. The flammable range comprises all concentrations between these two limits. This range becomes wider with increasing temperature and in oxygen-rich atmospheres. Table 13 lists these properties for a few common laboratory chemicals. 

The autoignition temperature is the minimum temperature required for self-sustained combustion in the absence of an external ignition source. The value depends on specified test conditions. Tht flammable (explosive) limits specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a flame can propagate. Below the lower flammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn above the flammable limit, the mixture is too rich. Additional compounds can be found in National Fire Protection Association, National Fire Protection Handbook, 14th ed., 1991. 

These reactors for hquids and liquids plus gases employ small particles in the range of 0.05 to 1.0 mm (0.0020 to 0.039 in), the minimum size hmited by filterability. Small diameters are used to provide as large an interface as possible since the internal surface of porous pellets is poorly accessible to the hquid phase. Solids concentrations up to 10 percent by volume can be handled. In hydrogenation of oils with Ni catalyst, however, the sohds content is about 0.5 percent, and in the manufacture of hydroxylamine phosphate with Pd-C it is 0.05 percent. Fischer-Tropsch slurry reac tors have been tested with concentrations of 10 to 950 g catalyst/L (0.624 to 59.3 IbiTi/fF) (Satterfield and Huff, Chem. Eng. Sci., 35, 195 [1980]). 

FIG. 26-31 Estimated maximum downwind distance to lower flammable limit L, percent by volume at ground level in centerline of vapor cloud, vs. continuous dense vapor release rate at ground level. E atmospheric stability. Level terrain. Momentary concentrations for L. Moles are gram moles u is wind speed. (From Bodmtha, 1980, p. 105, by permission.)... 

Flammable Limits in Air - This is a concentration expressed as percent by volume of the chemical in air, whereby spontaneous combustion will be supported. The lowest concentration where combustion will be supported is known as the lower flammability limit (LFL) or lower explosion limit (LEL). LEL and LFL are considered interchangeable. The upper concentration limit is the UFL (Upper Flammability Limit) or UEL (Upper Explosion Limit). 

The main advantage of absorption is its applicability to the control of pollutant gases present in large concentrations (several percent by volume). In these applications, removal efficiencies of 98°/ or greater can be achieved. The main disadvantage is inflexibility to achieve the best performance, the gas stream components are fixed once the column is designed, (see Table 13.1.3)... 

Fig. 11-6 Concentrations of gases in the smoke from an experimental fire of Trachypogon grass from Venezuela as a function of time and the stack gas temperature. The dotted line separates the flaming phase from the smoldering phase. Concentrations are in percent by volume for CO2, in volume mixing ratios (ppm) for the other species (1% = 10000 ppm). (Used with permission from Crutzen and Andreae (1990). Science 250 1669-1678, AAAS.)...

Average treatment volume was 600 gallons. All fluids contained 1% (by volume) of water wetting non-emulsifier. The treatments utilizing a cationic organic polymer included the polymer in all aqueous based fluids. The reported polymer concentration of one percent by volume of the aqueous polymer solution as supplied. Active polymer concentration is actually less than this. When the clay stabilization polymer was part of the well treatment, a non-ionic water wetting nonemulsifier was used. 

A corrosion inhibitor was present in all acid fluids. Eight of the well treatments incorporated a cationic organic polymer mineral fines stabilizer in the first three treatment stages. The active polymer concentration was less than the reported aqueous polymer concentration of one percent (by volume). Again, this was because the polymer was not supplied as a 100% active product. 

A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13 percent by volume or less or a gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 13 percent by volume, regardless of the lower limit. 

Ethanol (EtOH, alcohol ) naturally occurs in fruit in small quantities. Alcoholic drinks contain much higher concentrations. Their alcohol content is usually given as percent by volume. To estimate alcohol uptake and the blood alcohol level, it is useful to convert the amount to grams of ethanol (density 0.79 kg L ). For example, a bottle of beer (0.5 L at 4% v/v alcohol) contains 20 mb = 16 g of ethanol, while a bottle of wine (0.7 L at 12% v/v alcohol) contains 84 ml = 66 g ethanol. 

These values expressed in percent by volume of fuel vapor in air are the ranges of concentration over which a particular vapor or gas mixture with air will burn when ignited. If a mixture within its explosive range of concentrations is ignited, flame propagation will occur. This range will be indicated by lei for lower explosive limit or uel for upper explosive limit. The values given, unless other wise indicated, are for normal conditions of temperature and pressure. 

Tests on gninea pigs have shown that a 5 percent by volume concentration of ethylene oxide vapor kills in a short time. The maximum concentration for 60 minutes without serious disturbance was 0.3 percent by volume. 

Flammable or Explosive Limits — the upper and lower vapor concentrations at which a mixture will bum or explode. The lower explosive limit of p-xylene is 1.1 percent by volume in air, whereas the upper explosive limit is 7.0 percent in air. A mixture of p-xylene vapor and air having a concentration of <1.1 percent in air is too lean in p-xylene vapor to bum. Conversely, a mixture containing more than 7.0 percent is too rich in p-xylene to bum. By subtraction (7.0 - 1.1), p-xylene is said to have a flammable range of 5.9. Materials having low explosive limits and wide flammable ranges are extremely dangerous. 

Percent by volume (Wo wt/vol) concentration based on the number of grams of solute per 100 mL of solution. 

Physical Methods Physical methods include mechanical disruption by milling, homogenization, or ultrasonication. Typical high-speed bead mills are composed of a grinding chamber filled with glass or steel beads which are agitated with disks or impellers mounted on a motor-driven shaft. The efficiency of cell disruption in a bead mill depends on the concentration of the cells, the amount and size of beads, and the type and rotation speed of the agitator. The optimum wet solid content for the cell suspension for a bead mill is typically somewhere between 30 percent to 60 percent by volume. The amount of beads in the chamber is 70 percent to 90 percent by... 

To delineate the various possible reactions, in this study reaction of FeS i with steam alone was investigated first. Experiments were carried out in the TGA using a steanh-nitrogen mixture with the steam concentration of 94 percent by volume. 

When mixing two liquids to form a solution, it is easier to measure their volumes than their masses. A volume/volume percent gives the volume of solute divided by the volume of solution, expressed as a percent. The volume/volume percent is also referred to as the volume percent concentration, volume percent, percent (v/v), or the percent by volume. You can see this type of concentration on a bottle of rubbing alcohol from a drugstore. (See Figure 8.17.)... 

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