Concentrated infusions waters

AmiodarcMie hydrochloride, which has a poor water solubility of 0.7 mg/mL, is solubilised in licensed pharmaceutical preparatiOTs thereby achieving a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Infusion solutions prepared with 5 % glucose as a vehicle still have amiodarone concentrations (6-15 mg/mL) exceeding by far the maximum concentration of water solubility. The resulting infusion solution contains the active substance still solubilised. 

Another group of natural flavoring ingredients comprises those obtained by extraction from certain plant products such as vanilla beans, Hcotice root, St. John s bread, orange and lemon peel, coffee, tea, kola nuts, catechu, cherry, elm bark, cocoa nibs, and gentian root. These products are used in the form of alcohohc infusions or tinctures, as concentrations in alcohol, or alcohol—water extractions termed fluid or soHd extracts. Official methods for their preparation and specifications for all products used in pharmaceuticals are described (54,55). There are many flavor extracts for food use for which no official standards exist the properties of these are solely based on suitabiUty for commercial appHcations (56). 

In normal human subjects, ANP infusion for one hour causes increased absolute and fractional sodium excretion, urine flow, GFR, and water clearance (53—55). As shown in many in vitro and in vivo animal studies, ANP achieves this by direct effect on the sodium reabsorption in the inner medullary collecting duct, ie, by reducing vasopressin-dependent free-water and sodium reabsorption leading to diuresis and by indirect effect through increased hemodynamic force upon the kidney. ANP inhibits the release of renin and aldosterone resulting in the decreased plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration (56,57). 

Hypertonic sahne is actively excluded from an intact BBB and also acts to draw water into the intravascular space by the creation of a sodium gradient. Various concentrations have been evaluated, with continuous sodium chloride infusions ranging from 3% to 9%, and bolus infusions up to 23.4% administered over 20 minutes in a 30 mL solution. When a continuous infusion is used, the serum sodium is typically titrated to the 155-160 range. Sodium levels above this range raise the concern for seizures and other toxic side effects. Hypertonic saline may hold an advantage over mannitol, as it has been found in animal models to decrease edema in both... 

Soft extracts are made by concentrating the strong infusion to a water content of 20-25% (the catechin content is about 20% w/w). 

Dry extracts or powders are made by spray drying the strong infusions after they have been concentrated to 40-50% solids (the catechin content is above 25% w/w). The residual water content is less than 5% w/w and the extract is usually processed as a powder containing inert processing aids to render it suitable for a variety of uses (tablets, capsules, dry mixes, etc.). 

Although both water and sodium are required in this instance, sodium needs to be provided in excess of water to fully correct this abnormality. As such, hypertonic saline (3% NaCl) is often used. One can estimate the change in serum sodium concentration after 1 L of 3% NaCl infusion using the following equation 16... 

PPCPs and their metabolites are ubiquitous and display persistence in, and bioconcentration from, surface waters. Additionally, by way of continuous infusion into the aquatic environment, those PPCPs that might have low persistence can display the same exposure potential as truly persistent pollutants, because their transformation and removal rates can be compensated by their replacement rates. While the concentration of individual drugs in the aquatic environment often is low (subparts per billion or subnanomolar, often referred to as micropollutants), the presence of numerous drugs sharing a specific mode of action could lead to significant effects through additive exposures. 

Standard solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) in water were prepared and diluted appropriately to give a calibration curve across the working range across the range of the instrument (ca 0.05-1 mg/100 ml). The assay was then carried out by diluting the infusion until its concentration was close to that at the mid-point of the calibration series. Water is used as a blank. The following results were obtained ... 

Dermatitis-producing effect. Fruit-fixed oil, applied externally to adults at an undiluted concentration, was active ". Diuretic activity. Decoction and infusion of the dried leaf, administered orally to adults at a dose of 5 mL/person for 20-25 days, increased daily urinary output by 100-145 mL, and did not affect blood/sodium, potassium, and chloride " . Ethanol (50%) extract of the fresh leaf, administered intragastrically to rats at a dose of 40 mL/kg, was active. Five parts of fresh plant material in 100 parts water/ethanol was used "". The extracts of leaves of three isolates—GO, AO, and CT—administered to Dahl salt-sensitive, insulin-resistant rats at a dose of 60 mg/kg for 6 weeks, were active . DNA-binding effect. Methanol extract of dried leaves and twigs, at a concentration of 1 pg/mL, was inactive "". ... 

Conivaptan Antagonist at Via and V2 ADH receptors Reduces water reabsorption, increases plasma Na concentration Hyponatremia IV Only Toxicity Infusion site reactions... 

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