Composites case studies

Luke, S. and Canning, L. (2004), Strengthening highway and railway bridge structures with FRP composites - case studies , in L. C. Hollaway, M. K. Chryssanthopoulos and S. S. Moy (eds). Advanced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications in... 

Patrick, A.J., 2004. Composites — Case Studies of Pipehne Repair Applications. Clock Spring Company L.P. 

Figure 1.3 Optimal solution to the CE case study with all compositions are in ports per million of CE on a weight basis (El-Halwagi et al., 1996, reproduced with permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Copyright 1996 AIChE. All rights reserved).

The objective of this case study is to determine the target for minimizing the total load (flowrate x composition) of CE discharged in terminal wastewater of the plant using segregation, mixing, and recycle strategies. 

Figure 9.16 The composition interval diagram for ammonia removal case study.

Clay hllers were surface modihed with TMPTA or triethoxyvinyl silane (TEVS) followed by EB irradiation by Ray and Bhowmick [394]. Both the untreated and treated fillers were incorporated in an ethylene-octene copolymer. Mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and rheological properties of the EB-cured unfilled and filled composites were studied and a significant improvement in tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, and tear strength was observed in the case of surface-treated clay-filled vulcanizates. Dynamic mechanical studies conducted on these systems support the above findings. 

In order to study the effect of disorder between two atoms, single crystals composed of pairs of the complexes [TpBut]ZnCl, [TpBut]ZnI, and [TpBut]ZnMe, over a range of compositions, were studied. In each case, only a single atom was observed at the disordered site, and the Zn-X bond length that was measured corresponded to a composite for the... 

This topic has been mentioned in Section V, Failure, Defect and Contaminant Analysis, in Chapter 15, where a number of typical practical problem invetsigations were presented. Obviously the potential list of examples exhibiting different characteristics and requiring a different type of analysis is lengthy. When the sample is heterogeneous, e.g., a polymer blend or a composite, the study of the surface of a failed piece of material may reveal whether the problem is the interface of the components or that failure occurred within one of these. In particular in the case of crazing or necking orientation may have been induced, the way this can be analysed is discussed in Chapter 8. 

In this chapter we present four case studies to illustrate catalyst characterization from a problem-oriented approach. The intention is to show what can be achieved by using combinations of techniques. The selected studies all have the aim of determining the composition and the structure of a catalyst or a catalytic surface in atomic detail. 

Table 30. Feed compositions and relative volatilities in the case study.

In Section II.3 we have seen that a specific chemical species existing in a given physicochemical environment is characterized by specific values of 7) and T2, and that this fact is important both in the implementation of imaging pulse sequences to obtain quantitative information and in the modification of the pulse sequences to image selectively one species and/or phase within the sample. While exploitation of relaxation time contrast is not likely to become a routine approach for chemical mapping in reactors, there will be niche applications in which it will continue to have use—three of these are identified below. The limitations of the approach derive from that fact that the relaxation times characterizing a system will not only be influenced by chemical composition but also by temperature and the proximity of the molecules to a solid surface or interface. The three case studies illustrated below in which relaxation time contrast has been used with considerable success are (i) an... 

This problem encompasses two single compound CAMD problems, namely design of solvent and anti-solvent and then identification of optimal mixture pair and its composition. The single component solvent design problem is the same as in case study 1 (Sub-problems 1, 2 and 3). The 10 molecules that are designed in the first case study are considered here. The single component antisolvent design proceeds as follows... 

A case study of the identification of a counterfeit drug molecule is discussed in Section IX. C. This is a step-by-step discussion of the experimental procedure using FTMS to address this important issue. After the exact mass of the unknown componnd has been determined, the next step is to derive its elemental composition. The minimnm and maximum number of expected atoms present in the componnd mnst be specified in the search criteria to allow the compnter program to calculate possible elemental compositions. A nniqne fit of only one elemental composition is rarely obtained. The nnmber of possible compositions increases with the increasing nnmber of elements present and with increasing mass. However, other information, snch as the number of double bond eqnivalency and the isotopic distribution of the parent ion mass spectrnm, can be used to reduce the possible elemental compositions to a reasonable nnmber. Fnrther discussion can be fonnd in Section IX. C. 

Three- or more-level response surface designs, such as three-level full factorial, central composite (CCD), and Box-Behnken designs, are applied in some case studies. 

No studies were located regarding death in humans after oral exposure to heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide. However, since heptachlor is a major component of the insecticide chlordane, chlordane poisoning can be considered when evaluating heptachlor toxicity data. In the case study of a woman who ingested 6 g of chlordane with suicidal intent and died 9.5 days following ingestion, no information was presented on the composition of the chlordane. Therefore, the amount of heptachlor exposure is unknown, and the effect of other components of chlordane cannot be ruled out (Derbes et al. 1955). 

REACH will obviously helpfill this much-needed gap in information. It can be surmised that the phosphorus alternatives to BFRs listed in the case studies above are generally safer because of the non-organic, less bioaccumulative nature of the compounds. Some alternative compounds are in need of more research depending on the type of mix used. Specific information on the exact chemical composition was generally not available. However, it is vital to remember that, within the context of... 

Bauer et al. describe the use of a noncontact probe coupled by fiber optics to an FT-Raman system to measure the percentage of dry extractibles and styrene monomer in a styrene/butadiene latex emulsion polymerization reaction using PLS models [201]. Elizalde et al. have examined the use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor the emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate with methyl methacrylate under starved, or low monomer [202], and with high soUds-content [203] conditions. In both cases, models could be built to predict multiple properties, including solids content, residual monomer, and cumulative copolymer composition. Another study compared reaction calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy for monitoring n-butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate and for vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate, under conditions of normal and instantaneous conversion [204], Both techniques performed well for normal conversion conditions and for overall conversion estimate, but Raman spectroscopy was better at estimating free monomer concentration and instantaneous conversion rate. However, the authors also point out that in certain situations, alternative techniques such as calorimetry can be cheaper, faster, and often easier to maintain accurate models for than Raman spectroscopy, hi a subsequent article, Elizalde et al. found that updating calibration models after... 

Table 8.1 Component groups for gasoline based on C- number and main chemical composition. Reprinted with permission from Foster KL, Mackay D, Parkerton TF, Webster E, Milford L (2005) Five-stage environmental exposure assessment strategy for mixture gasoline as a case study. Environ Sci Technol 39 2711-2718. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society...

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