Compatibility with Human Tissue

The stable passive layer is also helpful in the human body. Its fluids do not see a metal in the titanium component but very inert titanium oxide. No disruptive metal ions are dissolved and rejection reactions are ehminated. In medicine, therefore, implants of jaws and teeth, pins for fixing broken bones and heart pacemaker capsules, as well as surgical instruments, are manufactured from titanium or the alloy Ti6A14V (see below). 

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C13-0117. The development of artificial substances compatible with human tissue is an important area of research. One example is a polymer of lactic acid ... 

Typically, titanium alloys have been the materials of choice for medical implants. The Ti-6A1-4V alloy is generally considered chemically inert, compatible with human tissue, and resistant to corrosion by human body fluids. However, the small percentages of vanadium and aluminum contained in the alloy are potentially toxic. Pure titanium is chemically and biologically more compatible with human fluids and tissue, but it is too weak for prostheses that must bear heavy loads, such as leg or hipbone implants. 

Carbon fiber waste should be treated as industrial rather than household waste. Local governments may have their own local codes for disposing carbon fiber wastes. On the positive side, carbon is thought to have good compatibility with human tissue. Carbon fibers and fiber composites have therefore been used extensively as components for artificial body parts and devices. 

Phosphobetaines are synthetic analogues of phospholipids. They, in general, possess outstanding foaming and cleansing properties and are compatible with human tissue, exhibiting low skin... 

Poly(e-caprolactone) is an aliphatic polyester produced from petroleum products. PCL is compatible with human tissues and an excellent additive for starch polymers. PCL is used by Novamont with the Mater-Bi biodegradable plastic. PCL can be used for adhesives, compatibiliz-ers, plasticizers, and films for the packaging and for the biomedical industries. 

Biobased plastics can be used for coatings for drug delivery, bio-absorbable, and other medical devices. Biopolymers are made from non-toxic materials that are compatible with human tissues. PLA, PGA, and PCL are commonly used in biomedical devices (Cheng et al. 2009). The biopolymers are degraded with simple hydrolysis of the ester bonds without the use of enzymes that prevent inflammation. The biodegraded bio-products are eliminated from the body through normal cellular activity and urine. PLA can be used as a bio-absorbable polymer for resorbable plates and screws (Lasprilla et al. 2012). PLA can provide a... 

Biobased plastics can be used for coatings for drug delivery, bio-absorbable, and other medical devices. Biopolymers are made from non-toxic materials that are compatible with human tissues. PLA, PGA, and PCL are commonly used in biomedical devices. 

Silicone They have excellent heat resistance up to 260°C (500°F), chemical resistance, good electricals, compatible with human body tissues, etc. and a high cost. There are the room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) types that cure and cross-link at ambient temperatures, catalyzed by moisture in the air. It is a good sealant and excellent for making flexible molds for casting. It is widely used for human implants. 

The term "bio-compatible generally designates materials that neither interact with nor have any negative effect on organisms they are in contact with. However, such materials are not necessarily biopolymers, e.g., medical thread or polylactide-based implants. Similarly, bio-inert materiais can also be bio-compatible, because their interaction with human tissue is minimai, e.g., ceramic and titanium-based implants or siloxanes, as well as special plastics (e.g., certain PEEK, PET, or PE-UHMW types) [932]. 

The most important applications of PEG are biological since PEG is compatible with human blood and tissue. Therefore, despite its apparent simplicity, PEG is the focus of much interest in biomedical and biotechnical communities. 

Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body to replace diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions). All of the preceding materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors— may be used as biomaterials. 

Primary human hepatocytes in particular have not yet proven to be compatible with cryopreservation (Utesch et al., 1992), therefore studies must be performed when the tissue becomes available. Characterization of the enzyme composition of the tissue derived from an individual must be conducted in parallel with characterization of the unknown xenobiotic. This can lead to the devotion of considerable experimental effort to studies which, in the end, do not meet quality control criteria. Despite these limitations, human hepatocytes are uniquely suited for studies of cytochrome P450 regulation and also provide the only current system which maintains a balanced and physiological ratio of cofactors and individual Phase I and Phase II enzymes. 

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