Cell compartments

Chlora.tes. Sodium chlorate is produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride at pH 6.5—7.5 in a one-compartment cell. DSA anodes and steel cathodes are generally used in chlorate cells. The electrolysis products, hypochlorous acid, and hypochlorite ions, react chemically to produce chlorate (eq. 

The experiments were carried out in a five-compartment cell ... 

Aich, n. branch, department, line, profession, aubjecl division, compartment, cell shelf. 

Transport numbers are intended to measure the fraction of the total ionic current carried by an ion in an electrolyte as it migrates under the influence of an applied electric field. In essence, transport numbers are an indication of the relative ability of an ion to carry charge. The classical way to measure transport numbers is to pass a current between two electrodes contained in separate compartments of a two-compartment cell These two compartments are separated by a barrier that only allows the passage of ions. After a known amount of charge has passed, the composition and/or mass of the electrolytes in the two compartments are analyzed. Erom these data the fraction of the charge transported by the cation and the anion can be calculated. Transport numbers obtained by this method are measured with respect to an external reference point (i.e., the separator), and, therefore, are often referred to as external transport numbers. Two variations of the above method, the Moving Boundary method [66] and the Eiittorff method [66-69], have been used to measure cation (tR+) and anion (tx ) transport numbers in ionic liquids, and these data are listed in Table 3.6-7. 

This type of electrochemical reactor is composed of two bodies by mechanical manufacturing [66, 67]. It contains a two-compartment cell with an anodic and cathodic chamber separated by a membrane as diaphragm. The anodic chamber is equipped with a carbon felt anode made of carbon fibers a platinum wire is inserted in the cathodic chamber (Figure 4.30). 

Cyclic voltammetry was performed on precursor polymer thin films cast on platinum electrodes in order to assess the possibility of electrochemical redox elimination and consequently as an alternative means of monitoring the process. All electrochemical experiments were performed in a three-electrode, single-compartment cell using a double junction Ag/Ag+(AgN03) reference electrode in 0.1M... 

The principal evidence in favor of the electrochemical mechanism is the observation that metal deposition can occur, albeit at a much reduced rate, in a two-compartment cell. When one of the compartments contains only the metal ions and the other only the sodium hypophosphite, metal deposition occurs on the electrode in the first compartment, being driven by hypophosphite oxidation at the electrode in the other half-cell [36, 37],... 

Pow, D.V., and Morris, J.F. (1991) Membrane routing during exocytosis and endocytosis in neuroendocrine neurons and endocrine cells Use of colloidal gold particles and immunocytochemical discrimination of membrane compartments. Cell Tissue Res. 264, 299-316. 

Employing a specially constructed electrical circuit to avoid use of a salt bridge and its associated IR drop, and a two compartment cell, Weise and Weil [80] also confirmed that, in the absence of H2CO, the deposition rate of Cu was significantly lower than would be obtained in a full electroless solution. They employed solutions somewhat similar to Feldman and Melroy [79], but carried out their experiments at room temperature. 

These are well known nonelectrodic reactions38. The electrochemical processes are meant to take care of the large amount of elemental lead set free in transmetallation, and has been devised to confine all the reactions to a single-compartment cell process. The cell in the present example is undivided, with Cd and Pb electrodes in DMF or DMSO solutions containing TBAP and Etl(10%) with Nal(5%). A sacrificial cadmium cathode is oxidized to diethylcadmium by ethyl iodide or, less readily, with ethyl bromide. 

Electrochemical synthesis was utilized to prepare labeled compounds. Tetramethyllead labeled with 14C was prepared in a double compartment cell in DMF with NaClC>4, by electrolyzing 14CH3l on lead electrodes. The method is reported as superior to transmet-allation with methylmagnesium halide. It is also possible to incorporate lead isotopes. 2i°Pb2+ ions were deposited on a Cu foil and the latter was used as a sacrificial electrode in solutions of CH3I. The yield of labeled tetramethyllead was 85%65. Synthesis of 210Pb-labeled chlorotrimethylplumbane was also described66. 

This is a method involving a two-compartment cell with a salt bridge connection and having two identical indicator electrodes. The sample solution is placed in one compartment and a blank solution having the same total ionic strength in the other. Increments of a standard solution of the species to be determined are added to the blank compartment until the cell potential is zero. At this point, the activities of the species of interest in each compartment are equal and that of the sample solution can therefore be calculated. A concentrated standard solution should be used to minimize dilution errors. This method is particularly useful for the determination of trace amounts or where no suitable titrant can be found. 

Furthermore, 2,2-difluoro-3-hydroxyesters are readily obtained from ClCF2COOMe and carbonyl compounds by electrolysis in a one-compartment cell using a sacrificial zinc anode and a nickel-complex catalyst [26], The catalytic cycle is shown in Scheme 3.11 and nickel zinc exchange is a key step. 

The use of reactive metal electrodes are also effective for the silylation of various organic halides and simple arenes [75]. For instance, Dunogues et al. reported that electrolysis of aryl chlorides in the presence of excess Me3SiCl in a one-compartment cell equipped with a sacrificial aluminum anode in 80 20 THF/HMPA gave the corresponding aryltrimethylsilanes (Scheme 36). When... 

System schematics for a two- and three-compartment cell are shown in Fig. 31A und Fig. 31B. 

Olivero et aL have found a new electrochemical domino process.1941 In an dectrochemical overall two-electron-process in an one-compartment cell... 

The solution used for all experimentation was 5 M NaCl, made up using triply distilled water. Electrolysis experiments were carried out in a one-compartment cell at either room temperature or at 90°C. All electrochemical experiments were carried out using a two-compartment cell, with the RE compartment connected to the WE and CE compartments via a Luggin capillary. 

Asahi Chemical has investigated the effects of this low-concentration region on the membrane performance using the three-compartment cell shown in Fig. 17.6, which... 

In another detailed study,62 the target tumor cells for the DC treatment were mouse mastocytoma P815. The current was passed in a three compartment cell in which the cathode compartment (CC) was separated from the anode compartment (AC) by the insertion of an intermediary chamber (IC) which had neither the anode nor the cathode the three compartments were connected in series via filter-paper bridges (Figure 9). Each of the three compartments contained 2 ml of cell suspension and 2 mA current was passed through platinum electrodes inserted in the AC and CC chambers (Figure 9). The salient results of this study are as follows ... 

After electrodeposition, the electrodes were rinsed with distilled water saturated with hydrogen and transferred to a three-compartment cell filled with a nitrogen saturated electrolyte for electrochemical studies. 

Then, the electrode was washed with hjrdrogen saturated water and quickly transferred to the three compartment cell. The potential was held... 

P, y-Unsaturated esters (184) have been synthesized by a one-step electrochemical procedure from a-chloroesters (183) and aryl or vinyl halides (Scheme 73b) [294, 295]. This novel electroreductive cross-coupling method is based on the use of a Ni(II)(bpy) catalyst and a sacrificial aluminum anode in a one-compartment cell (Scheme 73). The whole cathodic process progresses at —1.2 V (SCE) (Scheme 73c),... 

Starvation and incubation with labeled dextran For this method, cells are incubated under starvation [Earle s balanced salt solution (BBSS) medium] conditions for two hours. To label early endocytic compartments, cells are subsequently incubated with 0.5 mg/mL dextran tetramethylrhoda-mine for five minutes. To label late endosomes, cells are washed and further incubated for an additional 10 minutes (130). 

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