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This chapter starts by describing the ubiquitous problems in optics, in particular, those that can be solved by liquid microlenses. Then we will discuss the benefits and advantages of liquid microlenses in many applications artificial implementation of compound eyes endoscopic fiber microscopes for confocal reflectance and real-time optical coherence tomography (OCT) photolithography optical communications imaging systems and labs on chips. 

In the previous chapters, we discussed the importance of microlenses in communications, imaging, lithography, displays, and sensors. Although microlenses have undergone rapid development in recent years, most studies of microlenses, especially tunable types, are still preliminary, and their market applications remain limited. The most common applications are solid microlens arrays, as discussed in Chapter 4. Microlenses with different characteristics such as size, focal length, and fill factor are commercially available. 

There are various ways to measure the resuits of work being done to prevent accidents. The effects of having an accident include, for example, injuries, iiinesses, anguish suffering, financial losses, increased insurance costs, poor productivity, absenteeism, production deiays, high labor costs, machinery downtime, and poor community image. Two types of measurements of results are commonly used. The first, and by far the most common, tracks accident frequency and severity rates. The... 

Tokunaga M, Kitamura K, Saito K, Iwane A H and Yanagida T 1997 Single molecule imaging of fluorophores and enzymatic reactions achieved by objective-type total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 235 47-53... 

In photodetectors (qv) for photocouplers, optical switches, fiber optics, communication, and imaging, the materials used are InGaAs, InGaAsP, and... 

GORE. The CORE Electronic Chemistry Library is a joint project of Cornell University, OCLC (On-line Computer Library Center), Bell Communications Research (Bellcore), and the American Chemical Society. The CORE database will contain the full text of American Chemical Society Journals from 1980, associated information from Chemical Abstracts Service, and selected reference texts. It will provide machine-readable text that can be searched and displayed, graphical representations of equations and figures, and full-page document images. The project will examine the performance obtained by the use of a traditional printed index as compared with a hypertext system (SUPERBOOK) and a document retrieval system (Pixlook) (6,116). 

The quahty of an analytical result also depends on the vaUdity of the sample utilized and the method chosen for data analysis. There are articles describiag Sampling and automated sample preparation (see Automated instrumentation) as well as articles emphasizing data treatment (see Chemometrics Computer technology), data iaterpretation (see Databases Imaging technology), and the communication of data within the laboratory or process system (see Expert systems Laboratory information managet nt systems). 

The denomination of odors was schematically related to two separate domains, both related to the memory stimulus of an event concomitant with the perception of the odor. One domain was based on an actual reference point that contains the odor vectors the other was associated with an odor stimulus based on imagination, ie, what image is evoked by the stimulus. With such a system, the final descriptive terminology used would more often than not be expressed in esoteric language, causing confusion and even communication breakdown. The work of Jaubert (1) was the origin of a more standardized descriptive system in the field of aroma description. 

Wo If man Keport on the Photographic and Imaging Industy in the Ended States, Diammandis Communications, Inc., New York, 1990. 

Technical language and jargon are useful as professional shorthand, but they are barriers to successful communication with the public. Use simple, nontechnical language and vivid, concrete images that communicate on a personal level. Avoid distant, abstract, unfeeling language about deaths, injuries, and illnesses. 

Shock-compression processes are encountered when material bodies are subjected to rapid impulsive loading, whose time of load application is short compared to the time for the body to respond inertially. The inertial responses are stress pulses propagating through the body to communicate the presence of loads to interior points. In our everyday experience, such loadings are the result of impact or explosion. To the untrained observer, such events evoke an image of utter chaos and confusion. Nevertheless, what is experienced by the human senses are the rigid-body effects the time and pressure resolution are not sufficient to sense the wave phenomena. 

Figure 6a. Microscopic image of chromosomes (courtesy Jean-Claude Bemengo from the Centre Commun de Quantimetrie, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France).

Being able to communicate - to read and write - about chemistiy. Today, communication at world level is based on texts and images. Being able to effectively communicate using the special vocabulary of chemistry enables a person to have access to that sphere of knowledge ... 

Virdung, T. and Rasmuson, A. (2008) Solid-liquid flow at dilute concentrations in an axially stirred vessel investigated using particle image velocimetry. Chem. Eng. Commun., 195 (1), 18-34. 

Uncontrolled mirror-image studies (Table 2.4) largely support these findings. Of seven published studies, five suggested that the use of risperidone reduced hospital bed-stay and some calculated savings in health-care expenditure resulting from this. Conversely, Viale et al (1997) calculated that in-patient savings were offset by increases in community services costs, and Hammond et al (1999) estimated a substantial overall cost increase for community patients switched to risperidone for at least 3 months. 

To make the process practical for community hospitals, this technology must be inexpensive and easily operated in the ED. Transmission of CT images to experienced radiologists for formal and final interpretation is essential for quality control and feedback. As a result, systems that permit remote decision-making by expert physicians reduce the manpower needed to provide acute stroke team coverage in ED without around-the-clock access to in-house stroke neurology. 

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