Common effects

Eye and Skin Contact. Some nickel salts and aqueous solutions of these salts, eg, the sulfate and chloride, may cause a primary irritant reaction of the eye and skin. The most common effect of dermal exposure to nickel is allergic contact dermatitis. Nickel dermatitis may occur in sensitized individuals following close and prolonged contact with nickel-containing solutions or metallic objects such as jewelry, particularly pierced earrings. It is estimated that 8—15% of the female human population and 0.2—2% of the male human population is nickel-sensitized (125). 

Furthermore, we found that the two types of tumor promoters induced common biological effects, such as irritation of mouse ear, and stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production and of arachidonic acid metabolism in rat macrophages. These common effects seem to be the most essential biological activities in tumor promotion (6). 

Adverse effects are likely with the use of topical retinoids. Although transient, erythema, irritation, dryness, and peeling at the site of application are all common effects. Photosensitivity can also occur with retinoid use, causing increased skin irritation and redness.14... 

A substance can cause one or more effects. Common effects are acute and longterm toxicity, skin irritation, corrosiveness, sensitization, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive effects, and developmental toxicity. 

Hallucinogen A drug that disturbs sensory perception. Visual hallucinations are the most common effect of the psychedelic drug LSD. In contrast, auditory hallucinations predominate in schizophrenia. 

Mirex has considerable potential for chronic toxicity because it is only partly metabolized, is eliminated very slowly, and is accumulated in the fat, liver, and brain. The most common effects observed in small laboratory mammals fed mirex included weight loss, enlarged livers, altered liver enzyme metabolism, and reproductive failure. Mirex reportedly crossed placental membranes and accumulated in fetal tissues. Among the progeny of mirex-treated mammals, developmental abnormalities included cataracts, heart defects, scoliosis, and cleft palates (NAS 1978 Blus 1995). 

Type III drugs specifically prolong refractoriness in atrial and ventricular fibers and include very different drugs that share the common effect of delaying repolarization by blocking potassium channels. 

The results for spherical and cylindrical shapes are approximately in accordance with those shown in Figure 8.11, and in the limit of large, become the same, if the Thiele modulus is normalized in terms of a common effective diflusion-path-length parameter, Le, defined by... 

For first order reaction in a porous slab this problem is solved in P7.03.16. Three dimensionless groups are involved in the representation of behavior when both external and internal diffusion are present, namely, the Thiele number, a Damkohler nunmber and a Biot number. Problem P7.03.16 also relates r)t to the common effectiveness based on the surface concentration,... 

Respiratory Effects. Studies in humans indicate that the lung may be severely injured by inhalation exposure to bromomethane. Edema is the most common effect, and is often accompanied by focal... 

As reviewed in this chapter, a number of plants are recognized for their stimulant effects on the central nervous system. Although they work through a variety of neurochemical mechanisms, they all convergently alter neuromodulatory systems to produce a common effect. 

A. S. Mildvan, in The Enzymes, Volume 2, 3rd Edit., P. D. Boyer, ed. Academic, NY, 1970. Examples are cited where coordination compounds and enzymes show common effects. 

Paresthesia Paresthesia, an effect associated with the use of other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, appears to be a common effect of topiramate. 

Lead exposure can produce a number of other effects. One of the most common effects is on the red blood cells, which results in anemia. The red blood cells become fragile and hemoglobin synthesis is impaired. Changes in the red blood cells and some enzymatic changes were used as a marker for lead exposure. Similar to other metals, lead adversely affects kidney function, but this is now rare with reductions in occupational exposure. Several studies have demonstrated that elevated lead exposure is related to elevated blood pressure levels, particularly in men. There appears to be a weak association between lead exposure and increased incidence of lung and brain cancer. Lead exposure is a reproductive hazard for both males and females. In males, lead affects sperm count and sperm motility, resulting in decreased offspring. 

Dermal Effects. No studies were located regarding dermal effects in humans following inhalation exposure. However, contact dermatitis in persons exposed to nickel compounds is one of the most common effects of nickel exposure (see Section 2.2.3.2). In addition, immunological studies indicate that the dermatitis is an allergic response to nickel, and significant effects on the immune system have been noted in workers exposed to nickel (see Section 2.2.1.3). 

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